ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Heavy Metals in the Imported and Iranian Rice Consumed in Hormozgan Province
Background: Given that the share of imported rice from India and Pakistan, the current study was conducted to determine the concentration of lead, arsenic and cadmium in the rice imported from the two mentioned countries in comparison to Iranian rice. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in 2014 in Bandar Abbas, using a completely randomized block design. Five samples of each brand (India,Pakistan and Iran) and a total of 75 samples were selected. To measure the amount of arsenic in them, atomic spectrum poll and to determine the amount of lead and cadmium, the graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometer optical-compliant were used. To analyze the data, we applied descriptive statistics and analysis of variance using SPSS software. Results: The mean of Cd, As and Pb were 0.045, 0.057, and 0.022 mg/kg, respectively. There was a significant difference for Cd in the local and imported rice (P=0.002). Difference for As in the local and imported rice was not significant (P=0.218). A statistically significant difference was found between the imported and Iranian rice (P=0.354). There were no significant differences among all the measured heavy metals in the tested samples of India and Pakistan rice, both legally and illegally (P=0.144). Conclusion: It was found that the rice was contaminated with heavy elements; it is recommended that measures should be taken to promote healthy rice production, including periodic monitoring of heavy metals in the water and rice seeds, establishing an appropriate operating system to reduce heavy metal emissions, using international experiences on the effects and complications of heavy metals in water resources and farming, and performing quality control measures on the imported rice.
https://jhsss.sums.ac.ir/article_42810_41836e68f3ada3d90da97a7be239d7cf.pdf
2016-07-24
106
110
Rice
Heavy metals
Cadmium
Lead
Arsenic
Mohsen
Dehghani
1
Assistant Professor of Department of Environment, Islamic Azad University Bandar Abbas Branch, Bandar Abbas, Iran
AUTHOR
Fatemeh
Mosaferi
2
Master of Science Student, Islamic Azad University Bandar Abbas Branch, Bandar Abbas, Iran
AUTHOR
Vali
Alipour
v_alip@yahoo.com
3
Assistant Professor of Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
References
1
Gilbert-Diamond D, Cottingham Kl, Gruber KL, Punshon T, Sayarath V, Gondolifi AJ. Rice consumption contributes to arsenic exposure in US women. National Acad Sciences 2011; 108(51): 20656-60.
2
Malakootian M. Yaghmaeian K. Meserghani M, Determination of Pb, Cd, Cr and Ni concentration in Imported Indian Rice to Iran to Iran. Iran J Health Environ 2011; 4(1): 77-84.
3
Arunakumara KKIU, Walpola CB, Yoon MH. Current status of heavy metal contamination in Asia,s rice lands. Reviews in Environmental Science and Bio/Technology 2013; (12); 355-77.
4
Yap DW, Adezrian J, Khairiah J, Ismail BS, Ahmad- Mahir R. The uptake of heavy metals by paddy plants (Oryza sativa) in Kota Marudu, Sabah, Malaysia. American-Eurasian Journal of Agriculture and Environment Science 2009; 6(1): 16-19.
5
Khan N, Ryu KY, Choi JY, Nho EY, Habte G, Choi H, et al. Determination of toxic heavy metals and speciation of arsenic in seaweeds from South Korea. Food Chem 2015; (169): 464-70.
6
Cui YJ, Zhu YG, Zhai RH, Huang YZ, Qiu Y, Liang JZ, Exposure to metal mixtures and human health impacts in a contaminated area in Nanning, China. Environ Int 2005; (31): 784-90.
7
Chaney RL, Reeves PG, Ryan JA, Simmons RW, Welch RM, Angle JS. An improved understanding of soil Cd risk to humans and low cost methods to phytoextract Cd from contaminated soils to prevent soil Cd risks. Biometals 2004; (17): 549-53.
8
Kabata-Pendias A. Trace elements in soils and plants. 4nd ed, CRC Press. (Florida). 2010.
9
Victor G. Mihucz. Arsenic removal from rice by washing and cooking with water. Food Chemistry 2007; 105(4): 1718-25.
10
Sanaee Gh. Industrial Toxicology. Tehran University Press. 2nd ed. Vol 1. (Tehran). 2010.
11
Shimbo S, Zhang ZW, Watanabe T, Nakatsuka H, Matsuda-Inogochi N, Higashikawa K, et al. Cadmium and lead content in rice and other cereal products in Japan in 1998-2000. Sci Total Environ 2001; (281): 165-75.
12
AOAC. Method 986.15; Arsenic, Cadmium, Lead, Selenium, and Zinc in Human and Pet Foods, Multielement Method, Codex-AdoptedâAOAC Method, CAS-7440-43-9 (cadmium), CAS-7458-65-7 (arsenic), CAS-7439-92-1(lead). 1999.
13
ISIRI (Institute of Standards and Industrial Research of Iran). Food & Feed-Maximum limit of heavy metals, 1st. Edition, NO 12968. 2010.
14
Naseri M, Vazirzadeh A, Kazemi R, Zaheri F. Concentration of some heavy metals in rice types available in Shiraz market and human health risk assessment. Food Chem 2015; (175): 243-8.
15
Hedayatifar R, Falahi A, Birjand M. Determination of Cadmium and Lead levels in high consumed rice (Oryza Sativa L.) cultivated in Lorestan province and its comparison with national standards. Lorestan University of Medical Sciences Journal 2011; 4(3):12 [persian].
16
Mosayebi M, Mirzaee H. Determination of Mycotoxin Contamination and Heavy Metals in Edible Rice Imported to Golestan Province. Iran J Health & Environ 2014; 6(4): 503-14.
17
Rezaiyan Attar F, Hesari J. A Study on contamination of white rice by cadmium, lead and arsenic in Tabriz. J Food Res 2014; (4): 582-94.
18
Zazooli MA, Bandpei AM, Ebrahimi M, Izanloo
19
H. Investigation of Cadmium and Lead contents in Iranian rice cultivated in Babol Region. Asian Journal
20
of Chemistry 2010; 22(2): 1369-76.
21
Batista BL, Souza JMO, De Souza SS, Barbosa Jr F, Speciation of arsenic in rice and estimation of daily intake of different arsenic species by Brazilians through rice consumption. J Hazard Mater 2011; (191): 342-8.
22
Cao H, Chen J, Zhang J, Zhang H, Qiao L, Men Y. Heavy metals in rice and garden vegetables and their potential health risks to inhabitants in the vicinity of an industrial zone in Jiangsu, China. J Environ Sci (China) 2010; 22(11): 1792-9.
23
Bosque MA, Schuhmacher M, Domino JL, Lobet JM. Concentration of Lead and Cadmium in edible in vegetable from Tarragona province Spain. Sci Total Environ 1990; (95): 61-7.
24
Liu JG, Liang JS, Li KQ, Zhang ZJ, Yu BY, Lu XL, et al. Correlations between Cadmium and Mineral nutrients in absorption and accumulation in various genotypes of rice under Cadmium stress. Chemosphere 2003; (52): 1467-73.
25
Cheng W, Zhang G, Yao H, Zhang H. Genotypic difference of germination and early seedling growth in response to Cd stress and its relation to Cd accumulation. Journal of Plant Nutrition 2008; (31): 702-15.
26
Jiang W, Struik PC, Lingna J, Keulen HV, Ming Z, Stomph TJ. Uptake and distribution of root-applied or foliarapplied 65 Zn after flowering in aerobic rice. Ann Appl Biol 2007; (150): 383-91.
27
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Iron Supplementation Consumption in High School Students: A Cross- Sectional Study
Background: Girls are one of the high risk groups for iron deficiency anemia. Iron supplementation program is a preventive strategy for female students in high schools in Iran. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of iron supplements consumption among high school students in the southeast of Iran. Methods: A quantitative study was conducted in Zahedan (the capital of Sistan and Balochestan province) in the southeast of Iran in 2015. The sample size was 400 high school students from different areas of Zahedan who were randomly selected. A standard questionnaire was used for data collection. The data were analyzed using SPSS statistical software through descriptive statistics, one way ANOVA and Chi-square. Results: In total, 68.2% of the students did not administer any tablets whether regularly or irregularly during the past 16 weeks. About 41 third grade students did not take any tablets in 16 weeks. There were a statistically significant correlation between lack of taking tablet and their grade point average of the last year (P=0.003, F=1.078); also, it had a significant association with school grade of students (P=0.009). Conclusion: Most of the students did not use iron supplementation in Zahedan high schools. Measures should be taken to increase the culture of consuming iron tablets by providing appropriate environmental conditions; it seems that iron supplementation programs will have positive impacts on the students.
https://jhsss.sums.ac.ir/article_42811_a6f2f1094ee5c94a781d9492ebea476b.pdf
2016-07-25
111
114
Iron-deficiency
Students
Female
Iran
Mohammad
Khammarnia
m_khammar1985@yahoo.com
1
Health Promotion Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran;
AUTHOR
Zahra
Amani
2
Health Promotion Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran;
LEAD_AUTHOR
Mahsa
Hajmohammadi
hajmohammadi.mahsa@yahoo.com
3
Health Promotion Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran;
AUTHOR
Alireza
Ansari-Moghadam
4
Health Promotion Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran;
AUTHOR
Marzieh
Eslahi
5
Student Research committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran;
Department of Epidemiology, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
AUTHOR
References
1
Cappellini MD, Motta I, editors. Anemia in Clinical PracticeâDefinition and Classification: Does Hemoglobin Change With Aging? Seminars in Hematology; 2015: Elsevier.
2
Reihaneh I, Mehrnaz M, Mirmohammad H, Zahra V, Maryam M, Farideh S. The effect of education on knowledge, attitude and practice of female students in secondary school about iron deficiency anemia, Khalkhal 2009.
3
Shams S, Asheri H, Kianmehr A, Ziaee V, Koochakzadeh L, Monajemzadeh M, et al. The prevalence of iron deficiency anaemia in female medical students in Tehran. Singapore Med J 2010; 51(2): 116.
4
Alizadeh Charandabi M, Sehhatie F, Ebrahimi- Mameghani M, Salman R. Knowledge and Practice of the students in Tabriz about iron deficiency and iron supplementation. Journal of Hormozgan 14; 1(3): 265-72.
5
Bodnar LM, Scanlon KS, Freedman DS, Siega-Riz AM, Cogswell ME. High prevalence of postpartum anemia among low-income women in the United States. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2001;185(2): 438-43.
6
Organization WH. Iron deficiency anaemia: assessment, prevention and control: a guide for programme managers 2001.
7
Hwalla N, Adra N, Jackson RT. Iron deficiency is an important contributor to anemia among reproductive age women in Lebanon. Ecol Food Nutr 2004; 43(1- 2): 77-92.
8
Mozaffari-Khosravi H1, Noori-Shadkam M, Fatehi F, Naghiaee Y. Once weekly low-dose iron supplementation effectively improved iron status in adolescent girls. Biol Trace Elem Res 2010 Jun; 135(1- 3): 22-30.
9
Kianfar H1, Kimiagar M, Ghaffarpour M. Effect of daily and intermittent iron supplementation on iron status of high school girls. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 2000 Jul; 70(4): 172-7.
10
Jalambadani ZSD, Hosseini M, Sadeghi R. Effect of iron supplements on the basis of the theory of planned behavior on Pregnant women Mashhad. J Clin Nurs Midwifery 2015; 4(2): 59-68.
11
Karimi B, Hajizadehzaker R, Raheb G. Investigatiing of iron supplementation status and its associated factors in female students of guidence schools in Semnan 2012. Koomesh 2014; 15(3): 316-24.
12
Halterman JS, Kaczorowski JM, Aligne CA, Auinger P, Szilagyi PG. Iron deficiency and cognitive achievement among school-aged children and adolescents in the United States. Pediatrics 2001; 107(6): 1381-6.
13
MÃ¥nsson J, Johansson G, Wiklund M, Baigi A, Marklund B. Symptom panorama in upper secondary school students and symptoms related to iron deficiency Screening with laboratory tests, questionnaire and interventional treatment with iron. Scand J Prim Health Care 2005; 23(1): 28-33.
14
Grondin M-A, Ruivard M, Perreve A, Derumeaux- Burel H, Perthus I, Roblin J, et al. Prevalence of iron deficiency and health-related quality of life among female students. J Am Coll Nutr 2008; 27(2): 337-41.
15
Mann S, Kaur S, Bains K. Iron and energy supplementation improves the physical work capacity of female college students. Food Nutr Bull 2002; 23(1): 57-64.
16
Sungthong R, Mo-suwan L, Chongsuvivatwong V, Geater AF. Once weekly is superior to daily iron supplementation on height gain but not on hematological improvement among schoolchildren in Thailand. J Nutr 2002; 132(3): 418-22.
17
Rosado JL, Lopez P, Munoz E, Martinez H, Allen LH. Zinc supplementation reduced morbidity, but neither zinc nor iron supplementation affected growth or body composition of Mexican preschoolers. Am J Clin Nutr 1997; 65(1): 13-19.
18
Rahman MM, Akramuzzaman SM, Mitra AK, Fuchs GJ, Mahalanabis D. Long-term supplementation with iron does not enhance growth in malnourished Bangladeshi children. J Nutr 1999; 129(7): 1319-22.
19
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Relationship Between Occupational Stress Dimensions and Sickness Absence Among a Gas Company Employees
Background: Working conditions have considerably changed and exposure to psychosocial risk factors, particularly occupational stress, has recently had an increasing trend. Studies have shown that sickness absence was the worst outcome of occupational stress. The present study aimed to assess the relationship between dimensions of occupational stress and sickness absence in a gas company in Boushehr, Iran. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 400 employees of a gas company, Boushehr, Iran who were selected through random sampling. Osipow occupational stress questionnaire was used to determine the participants’ stress levels. Then, the data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Kruskal-Wallis test. Results: The participants’ mean of sickness absence was 2.164.57± days per year. Besides, 1.5%, 32.5%, 36.3%, and 29.8% of the participants had low, low to moderate, moderate to severe, and severe occupational stress, respectively. Additionally, the mean of total stress was moderate to severe among the study participants. This was also the case concerning the stress dimensions. The results revealed a significant relationship between the number of sickness absences and dimensions of occupational stress, including workload, role insufficiency, role conflict, responsibility, physical environment, and total stress (P=0.0001). Conclusion: The majority of the employees had high levels of occupational stress. Besides, a significant association was observed between the dimensions of occupational stress and sickness absence. Accordingly, to decrease the number of sickness absence, we should take measures to reduce occupational stress.
https://jhsss.sums.ac.ir/article_42812_f42a00e6b7c0536c1b9f3d5cd1a89a90.pdf
2016-07-25
115
120
Sickness absence
Occupational Stress
Gas company
Rezvan
Zare
1
Student Research Committee, Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran;
AUTHOR
Alireza
Choobineh
alrchoobin@sums.ac.ir
2
Research Center for Health Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran;
LEAD_AUTHOR
Sareh
Keshavarzi
skeshavarz@sums.ac.ir
3
Department of Epidemiology, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
AUTHOR
References
1
Levy BS, Wegman DH. Occupational health: recognizing and preventing work-related disease and injury: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Philadelphia; 2000.
2
Niedhammer I, Chastang J-F, Sultan-Taïeb H, Vermeylen G, Parent-Thirion A. Psychosocial work factors and sickness absence in 31 countries in Europe. Eur J Public Health 2013; 23(4): 622-9.
3
Taverniers J, Smeets T, Bue SL, Syroit J, Van Ruysseveldt J, Pattyn N, et al. Visuo-spatial path learning, stress, and cortisol secretion following military cadetsâ first parachute jump: The effect of increasing task complexity. Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience 2011; 11(3): 332-43.
4
Barzideh M, Choobineh A, Tabatabaee H. Job stress dimensions and their relationship to musculoskeletal disorders in Iranian nurses. Work 2014; 47: 423-9.
5
Lesuffleur T, Chastang JF, Sandret N, Niedhammer I. Psychosocial factors at work and sickness absence: Results from the French National SUMER Survey. Am J Ind Med 2014; 57(6): 695-708.
6
Nakata A, Haratani T, Takahashi M, Kawakami N, Arito H, Kobayashi F, et al. Association of sickness absence with poor sleep and depressive symptoms in shift workers. Chronobiol Int 2004; 21(6): 899-912.
7
Gaudine AP, Saks AM. Effects of an absenteeism feedback intervention on employee absence behavior. J Organ Behav 2001; 22(1): 15-29.
8
Hacket RD. Work attitudes and employee absenteeism: A synthesis of the literature. Journal of Occupational Psychology 1989; 62(3): 235-48.
9
Darr W, Johns G. Work strain, health, and absenteeism:
10
a meta-analysis. J Occup Health Psychol 2008; 13(4):
11
Kerr R, McHugh M, McCrory M. HSE Management Standards and stress-related work outcomes. Occup Med 2009; 59(8): 574-9.
12
Trybou J, Germonpre S, Janssens H, Casini A, Braeckman L, Bacquer DD, et al. JobâRelated Stress and Sickness Absence Among Belgian Nurses: A Prospective Study. J Nurs Scholarsh 2014; 46(4): 292-301.
13
Ryu IS, Jeong DS ,Kim IA, Roh JH, Won JU. Association Between Job Stress, Psychosocial Well- Being and Presenteeism, Absenteeism: Focusing on Railroad Workers. Korean Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2012; 24(3): 263-73.
14
Vahtera J, Kivimäki M, Pentti J ,Theorell T. Effect of change in the psychosocial work environment on sickness absence: a seven year follow up of initially healthy employees. J Epidemiol Community Health 2000; 54(7): 484-93.
15
Karasek R, Theorell T. Healthy work: stress, productivity, and the reconstruction of working life: Basic books; 1992.
16
Waage S, Moen BE, Pallesen S, Eriksen HR, Ursin H. Shift work disorder among oil rig workers in the North Sea. Sleep 2009; 32(4): 558.
17
Osipow SH, Spokane AR. Occupational stress inventory-revised. Odessa, FL: Psychological 1998: 1-15.
18
Sharifian S, Aminian O, Kiyani M, Barouni S. The evaluation of the degree of occupational stress and factors influencing it in forensic physicians working in legal medicine organization intehran-autumn of 2005. Scientific Journal of Forensic Medicine 2006: 144-50.
19
Khan S, Aw T. Auditing absence due to sickness. BMJ 1995; 310(6973): 195.
20
Hoseinian H, Shirazi A. A Study on the Relationship between Job Stress and JobBurnout (At Headquarters Personnel of the Post Company). Applied Mathematics in Engineering, Management and Technology 2014; 2(3): 270-7.
21
Sargent MC, Sotile W, Sotile MO, Rubash H, Barrack RL. Stress and coping among orthopaedic surgery residents and faculty. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2004; 86(7): 1579-86.
22
Castelo-Branco C, Figueras F, Eixarch E, Quereda F, Cancelo M, Gonzalez S, et al. Stress symptoms and burnout in obstetric and gynaecology residents. BJOG 2007; 114(1): 94-8.
23
Slany C, Schütte S, Chastang J-F, Parent-Thirion A, Vermeylen G, Niedhammer I. Psychosocial work factors and long sickness absence in Europe. Int J Occup Environ Health 2014; 20(1): 16-25.
24
Böhm D, Gissendanner SS, Finkeldey F, John S, Werfel T, Diepgen T, et al. Severe occupational hand eczema, job stress and cumulative sickness absence. Occup Med 2014; 64(7): 509-15.
25
Bültmann U, Huibers MJ, van Amelsvoort LP, Kant I, Kasl SV, Swaen GM. Psychological distress, fatigue and long-term sickness absence: prospective results from the Maastricht Cohort Study. J Occup Environ Med 2005; 47(9): 941-7.
26
Moreau M, Valente F, Mak R, Pelfrene E, De Smet P, De Backer G, et al. Occupational stress and incidence of sick leave in the Belgian workforce: the Belstress study. J Epidemiol Community Health 2004; 58(6): 507-16.
27
Kasiri Dolat Abadi N, Hosseini Kokamari P, Sharifirad G, Hassanzadeh A, Shahnazi H. Relationship between Occupational Stress Level and the Absence of Administrative Personnel in Isfahan Health Center. Journal of Health System 2011; 7(6): 1243-9.[In Persian]
28
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Isolation of Atrazine Degrading Bacteria in Semi-Salinity Medium
Background: Atrazine is a widely used herbicide. The increasing salinity of many water resources has had a negative effect on atrazine biodegradation. The aim of this study was to isolate atrazine degrading bacteria in semi-salinity media. Methods: Nine selected bacterial species were cultivated on the mineral salt broth culture medium containing atrazine (50, 100, 500 mg/L), NaCl concentration (10 g/L), and 2% (wt/vol) agar. The bacteria with higher growths in the atrazine medium (500 mg/L) were selected. Then, those with higher growths were transferred to the medium with atrazine concentration of 1000 mg/L. The atrazine biodegradation rates by Ochrobactrum oryzae and consortium bacteria (all of the nine bacteria species) were compared by cultivating separately on the mineral salt broth containing atrazine concentration of 30 mg/l, and NaCl concentration of 10 g/L in the incubation time of 10 day and HPLC analysis. Results: The results indicated that Ochrobactrum oryzae had the highest growth compared to the other investigated bacteria (Acinetobacter radioresistens, Paenibacillus lautus, and Bacillus sp) in the mineral salt broth culture medium containing atrazine concentrations (1000 mg/L), NaCl (10 g/L), and 2% (wt/vol) agar. In the Ochrobactrum oryzae and bacterial consortium comparison, atrazine biodegradation rate in the culture medium containing NaCl, by Ochrobactrum oryzae, was higher than bacterial consortium and atrazine biodegradation rate in the culture medium with no NaCl addition, by Ochrobactrum oryzae, was lower than bacterial consortium. Conclusion: Based on the results, Ochrobactrum oryzae was significantly capable of atrazine biodegradation in the semisalinity aqueous environment.
https://jhsss.sums.ac.ir/article_42813_e4cfbc5c7a86b2785dde8f9fa1cb1f50.pdf
2016-07-25
121
128
Atrazine
Ochrobactrum oryzae
Salinity
Biodegradation
Water
Marziyeh
Ansari Shiri
stud2480049566@sums.ac.ir
1
Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran;
AUTHOR
mansooreh
dehghani
mandehghani@yahoo.com
2
Research Center for Health Sciences, Department of Environmental Health, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Mohammad Reza
Samaei
mrsamaei@sums.ac.ir
3
Research Center for Health Sciences, Department of Environmental Health, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
AUTHOR
References
1
Dehghani M, Nasseri S, Hashemi H. Study of the bioremediation of atrazine under variable carbon and nitrogen sources by mixed bacterial consortium isolated from corn field soil in Fars Province of Iran. J Environ Public Health 2013; 1(1): 1-7.
2
Baghapour MA, Dehghani M, Nasseri S. Photodegradation of Atrazine by Ultraviolet Radiation in Different Conditions. J Health Sci surveillance Sys 2015; 3(3): 94-100.
3
Dehghani M, Nasseri S, Amin S, Naddafee K, Taghavi M, Yunesian M, et al. Isolation and identification of atrazine-degrading bacteria from corn field soil in Fars province of Iran. Pakistan journal of biological sciences: PJBS 2007; 10(1): 84-9.
4
Nasseri S, Dehghani M, Amin S, Naddafi K, Zamanian Z. Fate of atrazine in the agricultural soil of corn fields in Fars province of Iran. Iran J Environ Health Sci Eng 2009; 4(6): 223-32.
5
Zhang Y, Jiang Z, Cao B, Hu M, Wang Z, Dong X. Metabolic ability and gene characteristics of Arthrobacter sp. strain DNS10, the sole atrazinedegrading strain in a consortium isolated from black soil. International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation 2011; 65(8): 1140-4.
6
Reyad AM, Radwan TE, Ibrahim WM, Essa AM. Biodegradation of atrazine by Ochrobactrum oryzae isolated from the agricultural wastewater. Wulfenia 2014; 21(4): 286-310.
7
Dehghani M, Nasseri S, Amin S, Zamanian Z. Assessment of atrazine distribution in Shiraz soils, south of Iran. Pakistan journal of biological sciences: PJBS 2010; 13(2): 66-72.
8
Dehghani M, Nasseri S, Amin S, Naddafi K, Yunesian M, Taghavi M, et al. Atrazine adsorption desorption behavior in Darehasaluie Kavar corn field soil in Fars Province of Iran. Iran J Environ Health Sci Eng 2005; 2(4): 221-8.
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Sene L, Converti A, Secchi GAR, Simão RCG. New aspects on atrazine biodegradation. Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology 2010; 53(2): 487-96.
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Mahia J, Martin A, Carballas T, Diaz-Raviña M. Atrazine degradation and enzyme activities in an agricultural soil under two tillage systems. Sci Total Environ 2007; 378(1): 187-94.
11
Wang J, Grisle S, Schlenk D. Effects of salinity on aldicarb toxicity in juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and striped bass (Morone saxatilisà chrysops).Toxicological Sciences 2001; 64(2): 200-7.
12
Samaei MR, Mortazavi SB, Joneidi jafari A, Bakhshi B. Combined bioaugmentation and biostimulation to cleanup soil contaminated with hexadecane in slurry bioreactors. Tarbiat Modares University Faculty of Medical Sciences 2013; 59 141[persian].
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Forouzangohar M, Haghnia GH, Koocheki A. Organic amendments to enhance atrazine and metamitron degradation in two contaminated soils with contrasting textures. Soil & Sediment Contamination 2005; 14(4): 345-55.
14
Ranjbar E, Haghnia GH, Lakzian A, Fotovat A. Effect of organic materials and inorganic nitrogen on biological and chemical degradation of atrazine herbicide in soil. Science and Technology of Agriculture and Natural Resources 2009; 13(5): 149 61[persian].
15
Vibber LL, Pressler MJ, Colores GM. Isolation and characterization of novel atrazine-degrading microorganisms from an agricultural soil. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2007; 75(4): 921-8.
16
Qingyan L, Ying L, Xikun Z, Baoli C. Isolation and characterization of atrazine-degrading Arthrobacter sp. AD26 and use of this strain in bioremediation of contaminated soil. Journal of Environmental Sciences 2008; 20(10): 1226-30.
17
Siripattanakul S, Wirojanagud W, McEvoy J, Limpiyakorn T, Khan E. Atrazine degradation by stable mixed cultures enriched from agricultural soil and their characterization. J Appl Microbiol 2009; 106(3): 986-92.
18
Arbeli Z, Fuentes C. Prevalence of the gene trzN and biogeographic patterns among atrazine-degrading bacteria isolated from 13 Colombian agricultural soils. FEMS Microbiology Ecology 2010; 73(3): 611-23.
19
El Sebaï T, Devers-Lamrani M, Changey F, Rouard N, Martin-Laurent F. Evidence of atrazine mineralization in a soil from the Nile Delta: isolation of Arthrobacter sp. TES6, an atrazine-degrading strain. International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation 2011; 65(8): 1249-55.
20
Yamada T, Takahama Y, Yamada Y. Biodegradation of 2, 4, 6-tribromophenol by Ochrobactrum sp. Strain TB01. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2008; 72(5): 1264-71.
21
El-Sayed WS, Ibrahim MK, Abu-Shady M, El-Beih F, Ohmura N, Saiki H, et al. Isolation and identification of a novel strain of the genus Ochrobactrum with phenoldegrading activity. J Biosci Bioeng 2003; 96(3): 310-2.
22
Zhang Y, Cao B, Jiang Z, Dong X, Hu M, Wang Z. Metabolic ability and individual characteristics of an atrazine-degrading consortium DNC5. J Hazard Mater 2012; 237: 376-81.
23
Wang Q, Xie S, Hu R. Bioaugmentation with Arthrobacter sp. strain DAT1 for remediation of heavily atrazine-contaminated soil. International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation 2013; 77: 63-7.
24
KoliÄ NU, HrÅ¡ak D, Kolar AB, PetriÄ I, StipiÄevic S, Soulas G, et al. Combined metabolic activity within an atrazine mineralizing community enriched from agrochemical factory soil. International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation 2007; 60(4): 299-307.
25
Lin T, Wen Y, Jiang L, Li J, Yang S, Zhou Q. Study of atrazine degradation in subsurface flow constructed wetland under different salinity. Chemosphere 2008; 72(1): 122-8.
26
Dehghani M, Taatizadeh SB, Samaei MR. Biodegradation of n-hexadecane in acinetobacter radioresistens liquid culture. Health Scope 2013; 2(3): 162-7.
27
Rezaei D, Haghnia GH, Lakzian A, Khayyat MH, Nasiri H. Atrazine biodegradation in different concentration by pseudomonas bacteria. Plant Protection 2011; 25(2): 224-27 [persian].
28
Dehghani M, Nasseri S, Zamanian Z. Biodegradation of alachlor in liquid and soil cultures under variable carbon and nitrogen sources by bacterial consortium isolated from corn field soil. Iranian Journal of Environmental Health Science & Engineering 2013; 10(1):1-9.
29
Singh P, Suri C, Cameotra SS. Isolation of a member of Acinetobacter species involved in atrazine degradation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 317(3): 697-702.
30
Chaudhry V, Chauhan PS, Mishra A, Goel R, Asif MH, Mantri SS, et al. Insights from the draft genome of Paenibacillus lentimorbus NRRL B-30488, a promising plant growth promoting bacterium. J Biotechnol 2013; 168(4): 737-8.
31
Piutti S, Semon E, Landry D, Hartmann A, Dousset S, Lichtfouse E, et al. Isolation and characterisation of Nocardioides sp. SP12, an atrazine-degrading bacterial strain possessing the gene trzN from bulk-and maize rhizosphere soil. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2003; 221(1): 111-7.
32
Wang J, Zhu L, Wang Q, Wang J, Xie H. Isolation and characterization of atrazine mineralizing Bacillus subtilis strain HB-6. PloS One. 2014; 9(9): 107270.
33
Smith D, Crowley DE. Contribution of ethylamine degrading bacteria to atrazine degradation in soils. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2006; 58(2): 271-7.
34
Abraham J, Silambarasan S. Biodegradation of chlorpyrifos and its hydrolysis product 3, 5, 6-trichloro- 2-pyridinol using a novel bacterium Ochrobactrum sp. JAS2: A proposal of its metabolic pathway. Pestic Biochem Physiol 2016 ;126: 13-21.
35
Asad S, Amoozegar M, Pourbabaee AA, Sarbolouki M, Dastgheib S. Decolorization of textile azo dyes by newly isolated halophilic and halotolerant bacteria. Bioresour Technol 2007; 98(11): 2082-8.
36
Mayak S, Tirosh T, Glick BR. Plant growth-promoting bacteria confer resistance in tomato plants to salt stress. Plant Physiol Biochem 2004; 42(6): 565-72.
37
Uygur A, Kargı F. Salt inhibition on biological nutrient removal from saline wastewater in a sequencing batch reactor. Enzyme Microb Technol 2004; 34(3): 313-8.
38
Nitisoravut S, Klomjek P. Inhibition kinetics of saltaffected wetland for municipal wastewater treatment. Water Res 2005; 39(18): 4413-9.
39
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Quality of Life and Associated Factors among Elderly Diabetic Patients in Shiraz, 2014
Background: Today, the quality of life (QoL) studies have an important role in public health care, especially among the old adults suffering from chronic diseases such as diabetes. Diabetes and its complications can widely affect various aspects of QoL. Therefore, the present study aimed to assess diabetic patients’ QoL and identify the factors that affect it. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 593 randomly selected diabetic patients aged 60 years and above who were admitted in 13 diabetes clinics in Shiraz, Iran, in 2014. Diabetes Quality of Life-Brief Clinical Inventory (DQOL-BCI) questionnaire was used to assess the quality of life in these patients. Univariate and multivariate linear regression analyses were performed, using Stata software, version 12, to identify the predictors of DQoL. Results: The participants’ mean DQoL score was 41.8±6.2 with a mean age of 66.2±6.0 years. Multivariate linear regression analyses revealed that FBS level (115-180 mg/dL: P=0.05; above 180 mg/dL: P=0.02) and duration of diabetes (4-9 years: P=0.06; above 9 years: P=0.002) were two important clinical predictors of DQoL. Conclusion: This study demonstrated a relationship between clinical and socio-demographic factors and diabetic patients’ QoL. Considering these related variables could lead to effective control of diabetes complications and improvement of the patients’ QoL.
https://jhsss.sums.ac.ir/article_42814_02b0f0347e659eb4c22bfff115d4dc65.pdf
2016-07-27
129
136
Quality of life
Diabetes
Elderly
Haleh
Ghaem
ghaemhaleh@gmail.com
1
Research Center for Health Sciences, Department of Epidemiology, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran;
LEAD_AUTHOR
Atousa
Fakherpour
fakherpur@gmail.com
2
Student Research Committee, Department of Epidemiology, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran;
AUTHOR
Mahmoud
Hajipour
3
Student Research Committee, Department of Epidemiology, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran;
AUTHOR
Mohsen
Shafiee
4
Department of Nursing, School of Nursing & Midwifery, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
AUTHOR
References
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Heller SG, Busse A, Angermeyer MC. The state of mental health in old-age across the old European Union. Acta Psychatr Scand 2006; 113(5): 388-401.
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Monjamed Z, Ali Asgharpour M, Mehran A, Peymani T. Quality of life of patients with diabetes complications. Journal of Nursing and Midwifery, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (life) 1385; 12(1): 55-66 (Persian).
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Sharif F, Vedad F. The relationship between mental health and Quality of life of hemodialysis patients referred to hospitals affiliated to Shiraz University of Medical Sciences. Iran Journal of Nursing 2007; 51(20): 61-9.
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Bourdel-Marchasson I, Helmer C, Fagot-Campagna, Dehail P, Joseph PA. Disability and quality of life in elderly people with diabetes. Diabetes Metab 2007; 33: s66.
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Hadi N, Ghahremani S, Montazeri A. Health related Quality of life in both types of diabetes in Shiraz, Iran. Shiraz E-Medical Journal 2013; 14(2): 112-22.
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Tang WL, Wang YM, Du WM, Cheng NN, Chen BY. Assessment of quality of life and relevant factors in elderly diabetic patients in the Shanghai community. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2006; 15: 123-130.
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Trief PM, Wade MJ, Pine D, Weinstock RS. A comparison of health-related quality of life of elderly and younger insulin-treated adults with diabetes. Age Ageing 2003; 32: 613-8.
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Patel B, Oza B, Patel K, Malhotra S, Patel V. Health related quality of life in type-2 diabetic patients in Western India using World Health Organization Quality of Life â BREF and appraisal of diabetes scale. Int J Diabetes Dev Ctries 2014; 34(2): 100-7.
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Kiadaliri AA, Najafi B, Mirmalek-Sani M. Quality of life in people with diabetes: a systematic review of studies in Iran. J Diabetes Metab Disord 2013; 12(1): 54.
21
Prazeres F, Figueiredo D. Measuring quality of life of old type 2 diabetic patients in primary care in Portugal: a cross-sectional study. J Diabetes Metab Disord 2014; 13: 68.
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Maatouk I, Wild B, Wesche D, Herzog W, Raum E, Muller H, et al. Temporal Predictors of Health Related Quality of Life in Elderly People with Diabetes: Results of a German Cohort Study. PLoS One 2012; 7(1).
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Arastoo AA, Qasemzadeh R, Naseh H, Kamali M, Rahimi Forooshani A, Arzaghani M, et al . Quality of life and its associated factors in elderly diabetic residents in nursing home Tehran Kahrizak. J Endocrinol Metab 1391; 4(1): 18-24 (Persian).
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Nicolucci A, Cucinotta D, Squatrito S, Lappola A, Musacchio N, leotta S, et al. Clinical and socioeconomic correlates of quality of life and treatment satisfaction in patients with type 2 diabetes. Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Disease 2009; 19(1): 45-53.
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Senez B, Felicioli P, Moreau A, Le Goaziou MF. Quality of life assessment of type 2 diabetic patients in general medicine. Presse Med 2004; 33(3): 161-6.
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Vares Z, Zandi M, Baghaei P, Masoudi Alavi N, Mirbagher N. Quality of life and related factors in diabetic patients referred to Kashan Diabetes Center. Nursing Research. 1389; 5(17): 14-22 (Persian).
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Kakhki A, Abed saeedi Z. Health-Related Quality of Life of Diabetic Patients in Tehran. Int J Endocrinol Metab 2013; 11(4): e7945.
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32
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
People’s Attitudes Towards the Quality of Physician-Patient Interactions in Primary Health Care Units in Fars Province
Background: Changes in expectations and requirements of the end users of medical education “community members” and evolution in health services necessitate some changes in the medical education curriculum. To achieve this reform in curricula, obtaining insight into the health care needs of community members and their comments about their physicians is highly required in community-oriented education. This survey was conducted to determine the attitudes of health care receivers toward the general physicians’ professional behavior in Fars province, Iran. Methods: This is a descriptive study and the subjects were the receivers of health care services. We selected 97 individuals in each city of Fars province using randomized-cluster sampling. The sample size increased to 150 in each city and overall 2500 individuals participated in the study. For data collection, an anonymous questionnaire was developed which was tested for the validity of the contents using the experts’ views and reliability was checked using test-retest. The data were analyzed using SPSS 14 statistical software. Results: The results of this study revealed the participants’ attitudes toward education, treatment and consultative services by physicians in Fars province. Overall, the response rate was about 95%. The patients rated the physicians’ professional behavior, as one of the key determinants of their experiences with healthcare services. Moreover, 73.2% of the participants were fully satisfied with the quality of care they received from their physicians and 24.9% were satisfied to some extent. Conclusion: According to the results of the study, the physician’s educational and consultative roles in medical education curricula must be reviewed and emphasized.
https://jhsss.sums.ac.ir/article_42815_e1b157f836dc44c7bdbb025665d22f3d.pdf
2016-07-31
137
141
Professional-behavior
Physician
Attitude
Primary health Care
Leila
Bazrafkan
bazrafkanl@sums.ac.ir
1
Education Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran;
AUTHOR
Sedigheh
Ebrahimi
sedighehebrah@yahoo.com
2
Medical Ethics Department, Medical School, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
References
1
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Maudsley RF, Wilson DR, Neufeld VR, Hennen BK, DeVillaer MR, Wakefield J, et al. Educating future physicians for Ontario: phase II. Acad Med 2000; 75(2): 113-26.
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Tavakol M, Roger M, Torabi S. âMedical education in Iran: an exploration of some curriculum issues.â Medical education online 11 2006. doi: 10.3402/meo. v11i.4585
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Marcinowicz L, Konstantynowicz J, Chlabicz S. The patientâs view of the acceptability of the primary care in Poland. Int J Qual Health Care 2008; 20: 277â83.
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Brinkman WB, Geraghty SR, Lanphear BP, Khoury JC, Gonzalez del Rey JA, Dewitt TG, et al. Effect of multisource feedback on resident communication skills and professionalism: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Pediatr Adolesc. 2007; 161(1): 44â9.
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Henrdon J, Pollick K. Continuing concerns, new challenges, and next steps in physician-patient communication. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2002; 84-A(2): 309â15.
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Larsen DE, Rootman I. Physician role performance and patient satisfaction. Soc Sci Med 1976; 10: 29â32.
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Ha JF, Longnecker N. Doctor-Patient Communication: A Review. Ochsner J 2010; 10(1): 38-43.
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Strasser F, Palmer JL, Willey J, Shen L, Shin K, Sivesind D, et al. Impact of physician sitting versus standing during inpatient oncology consultations: Patientsâ preference and perception of compassion and duration. A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management 2005; 29(5): 489-97.
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Canale ST. Falling in love again. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2000; 82: 739-42.
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Ringsted C, Hansen TL, Davis D, Scherpbier A. Are some of the challenging aspects of the Can MEDS roles valid outside Canada? Med Educ 2006; 40(8): 807-15.
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Haggerty J, Burge F, Levesque JF, Gass D, Pineault R, Beaulieu MD, et al. Operational definitions of attributes of primary health care: consensus among Canadian experts. Ann Fam Med 2007; 5(4): 336-44.
20
Howard M, Goertzen J, Hutchison B, Kaczorowski J, Morris K. Patient satisfaction with care for urgent health problems: a survey of family practice patients. Ann Fam Med 2007; 5: 419-24.
21
Ramsay J, Campbell JL, Schroter S, Green J, Roland M. The general practice assessment survey (GPAS): test of data quality and measurement properties. Fam Pract 2000; 17(5): 372-9.
22
Marcinowicz L, Rybaczuk M, Grebowski R, Chlabicz S. A short questionnaire for measuring the quality of patient visits to family practices. Int J Qual Health Care 2010; 22(4): 294-301.
23
Steine S, Finset A, Laerum E. A new, brief questionnaire (PEQ) developed in primary health care for measuring patientsâ experience of interaction, emotion and consultation outcome. Fam Pract 2001; 18: 410â8.
24
Teresa RB, Pawlikowska MBBS, Jeremy J, Walker MSC, Pawel R, Nowak MD, et al. Patient involvement in assessing consultation quality: a quantitative study of the patient enablement instrument in Poland. Health Expect 2009; 13: 13â23.
25
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
A New Empirical Model to Estimate Landfill Gas Pollution
Background: Landfills are the most important producers of methane as human source. So, prediction of landfill gas generation is by far the most important concern of scientists, decision makers, and landfill owners as well as health authorities. Almost all the currently used models are based on Monod equation first order decay rate which is experimental while the main purpose of this research is to develop a numerical model. Methods: A real scale pilot landfill with 4500 tons of municipal solid waste has been designed, constructed, and operated for two years. Required measurements have been done to provide proper data on greenhouse gases emitted by the landfill and monitor its status such as internal temperature, leachate content, and its settlement during two years. Afterwards, weighted residual method has been used to develop the numerical model. Then, the newly mathematical method has been verified with data from another landfill. Results: Measurements showed that the minimum and maximum percentages of methane among landfill gas were 22.3 and 46.1%, respectively. These values for velocity of landfill gas are 0.3 and 0.48 meters per second, in that order. Conclusion: Since there is just 0.6 percent error in calculation as compared to real measurements from a landfill in California and most of the models used have ten percent error, this simple empirical numerical model is suggested to be utilized by scientists, decision makers, and landfill owners.
https://jhsss.sums.ac.ir/article_42816_2b629df5aa764392c0a093802969f33a.pdf
2016-07-31
142
148
Waste disposal sites
Gas production modeling
Methane
Hamidreza
Kamalan
1
Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Pardis Branch, Islamic Azad University, Pardis, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
References
1
Mackie KR, Cooper CD. Gas emission prediction using Voronoi diagrams and importance sampling. Environmental Modelling & Software 2009; 24: 1223-32.
2
Yen-Cho C, Chenb K, Wu CH. Numerical simulation of gas flow around a passive vent in a sanitary landfill. J Hazard Mater 2003; 100: 39-52.
3
Papageorgiou A, Barton JR, Karagiannidis A. Assessment of the greenhouse effect impact of technologies used for energy recovery from municipal waste: A case for England. J Environ Manage 2009; 90: 2999â3012.
4
Shariatmadari N, Sabour M, Kamalan H, Mansouri A, Ablofazlzade. Appling Simple Numerical Model to Predict Methane Emission from Landfill. Journal of Applied Science 2007; 7: 1511-15.
5
Sabour M, Kamalan H. Prediction of Methane Emission from the First Sanitary Cellule in Iran. 8th International Congress in Civil Engineering, Shiraz. 2009; 8: 16.
6
Manna L , Zanetti MC, Genon G. Modeling biogas production at landfill site. Resources, Conservation and Recycling 1999; 26: 1â14.
7
Kamalan H: Modeling of Greenhouse Gases Emission out of Urban Solid Waste Landfills in Arid and Semi- Arid Region (Case Study: Tehran). Ph.D. Thesis, K.N. Toosi University of Technology, Iran. 2009.
8
Ozkaya B, Demir A, Bilgili MS. Neural network prediction model for the methane fraction in biogas from field-scale landfill bioreactors. Environmental Modeling & Software 2006; 1: 1-8.
9
Mavrotas G, Skoulaxinou S, Gakis N, Katsouros V, Georgopoulou E. A multi-objective programming model for assessment the GHG emissions in MSW management. Waste Manag 2013; 33(9): 1934-49.
10
Gardner N, Probert SD. Forecasting landfillgas. Applied Energy, Elsevier Science Publishers Ltd, England. 1999; 4: 131-63. EPA: Inventory of Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks 1990-1997. Office of Policy, Planning, and Evaluation, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. 1999. (Available on the Internet at http://www.epa.gov/ globalwarming/inventory/index.html.)
11
Kamalan H, Sabour M, Shariatmadari N. A Review on Available Landfill Gas Models. Environ Sci Technol 2011; 4: 79-92.
12
Scharff H, Jacobs J. Applying guidance for methane emission estimation for landfills. Waste Manag 2006; 26: 417-29.
13
Nojedehi P, Heidari M, Ataei A, Nedaei M, Kurdestani E. Environmental assessment of energy production from landfill gas plants by using Long-range Energy Alternative Planning (LEAP) and IPCC methane estimation methods: A case study of Tehran. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments 2016; 16: 33-42.
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IPCC. IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories: Reference Manual. Chapter 6:waste. 1996.
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Xu F, Li Y, Wang Z. Mathematical modeling of solidstate anaerobic digestion. Prog Energy Combust Sci 2015; 51: 49-66.
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Sobamowo M. Thermal analysis of longitudinal fin with temperature-dependent properties and internal heat generation using Galerkinâs method of weighted residual. Applied Thermal Engineering 2016; 99: 1316-30.
18
Afshar H: Finite elements and approximation. Iranian University of Science and Technology. Iran. 2002.
19
Jeong S, Lee E. Weighted norm least squares finite element method for Poisson equation in a polyhedral domain. Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics 2016; 299: 35-49.
20
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Biological Nitrate Removal from Groundwater by Filamentous Media at Pilot Scale, 2015
Abstract Background: The compounds which contain nitrogen entering the environment can cause some problems, such as eutrophication for water resources and potential risk for human health because of methemoglobinemia and cancer. Biological techniques are effective in removing nitrate. The aim of this study was to remove nitrate from groundwater using denitrification. The main objectives of this research were determining the reduction of water nitrate based on different retention time and also the effect of using grape extract as organic matter and electron acceptor in biological nitrate removal from water. Methods: In this experimental study, the effect of heterotrophic Pseudomonas separated from Shiraz wastewater treatment plant on removing nitrate from groundwater was investigated at pilot scale using grape extract as carbon source and filamentous media at constant pH (7±0.1) and temperature (20±1 °C). During this study, 2 pilots were made. Pilot number 1 was used for separation and growth of the above mentioned bacteria (Pseudomonas) that are able to remove nitrate. Pilot number 2 was also used for surveying the removal of nitrate by these bacteria. At least, 13 samples were examined in every retention time and each test was repeated for 2 or 3 times. Statistical analysis was performed in SPSS (ver.19) software using one-way repeated measures ANOVA, and Bonferroni tests. Results: According to the results, nitrate removal rates were 49%, 55%, 67% and, 67% at retention times of 1, 1.5, 2, and 2.5 hours, respectively. The best retention time was 2 hours with 67% removal rate (P<0.05). Conclusion: The results showed that using grape extract as the carbon source and proper growth of bacteria in filamentous media led to a significant increase in the removal rate.
https://jhsss.sums.ac.ir/article_42817_17f91898a657cbec84227e0af995c12f.pdf
2016-08-02
149
157
Denitrification
Groundwater
Nitrate
Plastic filament
Grape extract
Leila
Keshtgar
lkeshtgar@yahoo.com
1
Department of Environmental Engineering, Estahban Branch, Islamic Azad University, Estahban, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Ali Akbar
Azimi
2
Department of Environmental Engineering, Estahban Branch, Islamic Azad University, Estahban, Iran
AUTHOR
References
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