Document Type : Review Articles

Authors

Department of MPH, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran

Abstract

Background: Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a significant public health issue, especially in developing countries. This study aimed to provide a systematic review and meta-analysis of IPV among married Iranian women.
Methods: In this systematic review and meta-analysis, following PRISMA guidelines, eight electronic databases were searched for quantitative articles, with the target population of married Iranian women. Articles from 2010 to 2020 were extracted and assessed with an 8-scored checklist for risk of bias. Different types of IPV include mental, physical, and sexual types. Heterogeneity was assessed with I2 and Q tests. Random effect model was used for meta-analysis. Factors such as income, education, employment, mean age, urbanization, and human development index (HDI) were assessed within homogenous groups.
Results: Thirty-four studies (19,445 participants) were included. The mean age of women was 33.4 years. The overall prevalence of past-year IPV was estimated at 62.6% (CI: 53.6-71.5). Mental, physical, and sexual violence were estimated at 59% (CI: 53.7- 64.4), 30.8% (CI: 26.2-35.4), and 29% (CI: 22.4-35.5), respectively. The results revealed that a negative correlation existed between the occurrence of violence and higher education, higher HDI indices for regions, and employment.
Conclusion: The findings of this study indicate that IPV exists in high proportions in Iran. Improving the economic situation, increasing education, and raising public awareness through social media are the preventive factors.

Highlights

Alireza Salehi (Google Scholar)

Keywords

  1. Saltzman LE, Fanslow, J. L., McMahon, P. M., et al. Intimate partner violence surveillance: Uniform definitions and recommended data elements. first, editor: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Pamphlet (or booklet). https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/31292/cdc_31292_DS1.pdf.
  2. Joachim J. Shaping the human rights agenda: the case of violence against women. Gender politics in global governance. 1999;4:142-60.
  3. Moasheri N, Miri M, Abolhasannejad V, Hedayati H, Zangoie M. Survey of prevalence and demographical dimensions of domestic violence against women in Birjand. Modern Care Journal. 2012;9(1).
  4. Flood M, Pease B. The factors influencing community attitudes in relation to violence against women: A critical review of the literature. 2006.
  5. Organization WH. Violence against women prevalence estimates, 2018: global, regional and national prevalence estimates for intimate partner violence against women and global and regional prevalence estimates for non-partner sexual violence against women. 2021.
  6. Mohammadbeigi A, Sajadi M, Ahmadli R, Asgarian A, Khazaei S, Afrashteh S, et al. Intimate partner violence against Iranian women. Natl Med J India. 2019;32(2):67. doi: 10.4103/0970-258X.275343. PMID: 31939399.
  7. Fereidooni R, Mootz J, Sabaei R, Khoshnood K, Heydari ST, Moradian MJ, et al. The COVID-19 pandemic, socioeconomic effects, and intimate partner violence against women: a population-based cohort study in 2020, Iran. Am J Public Health.2022(0):e1-e10. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2022.306839. PMID: 36302221; PMCID: PMC9850608.
  8. Adineh H, Almasi Z, Rad ME, Zareban I, Moghaddam A. Prevalence of domestic violence against women in Iran: A systematic review. Epidemiology: Open Access. 2016;6(6). doi: 10.4172/2161-1165.1000276.
  9. Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I, Hoffmann TC, Mulrow CD, et al. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. Int J Surg. 2021;88:105906. doi: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2021.105906. PMID: 33789826.
  10. Loney PL, Chambers LW, Bennett KJ, Roberts JG, Stratford PW. Critical appraisal of the health research literature: prevalence or incidence of a health problem. Chronic Dis Can. 1998;19(4):170-6. PMID: 10029513.
  11. Afghah SM, Ahangari A, Askari Por H. Estimating Human Development Index of Iranian Provinces and Investigating its Impact on Economic Growth Using Fuzzy Logic. Quarterly Journal of Quantitative Economics. 2020;17(2):89-121. doi: 10.22055/jqe.2019.29152.2064.
  12. Ahmadi M, Rahnavardi M, Kiyani M, Poorhoseyngholi A. Relationship between domestic violence and suicidal thoughts on women referred to Rasht city health-medical center and the family courts in 2013. Iran J Forensic Med. 2014;20(4):201-10.
  13. Ahmadi R, Soleimani R, Jalali MM, Yousefnezhad A, Roshandel Rad M, Eskandari A. Association of intimate partner violence with sociodemographic factors in married women: a population-based study in Iran. Psychol Health Med. 2017;22(7):834-44. doi: 10.1080/13548506.2016.1238489. PMID: 2767720.
  14. Vakili M, Nadrian H, Fathipoor M, Boniadi F, Morowatisharifabad MA. Prevalence and determinants of intimate partner violence against women in Kazeroon, Islamic Republic of Iran. Violence Vict. 2010;25(1):116-27. doi: 10.1891/0886-6708.25.1.116. PMID: 20229697.
  15. Jahromi MK, Jamali S, Koshkaki AR, Javadpour S. Prevalence and risk factors of domestic violence against women by their husbands in Iran. Glob J Health Sci. 2016;8(5):175. doi: 10.5539/gjhs.v8n5p175. PMID: 26652083; PMCID: PMC4877196.
  16. Jamali S, Javadpour S. The impact of intimate male partner violence on women’s sexual function: a study in Iran. J Clin Diagn Res: JCDR. 2016;10(12):QC29. doi: 10.7860/JCDR/2016/20455.9119. PMID: 28208946; PMCID: PMC5296519.
  17. Moazen B, Salehi A, Soroush M, Vardanjani HM, Zarrinhaghighi A. Domestic violence against women in Shiraz, South-western Iran. Journal of injury and violence research. 2019;11(2):243. doi: 10.5249/jivr.v11i2.1238. PMID: 31281173; PMCID: PMC6646821.
  18. Rahnavardi M, Shayan A, Rezaie Chamani S, Heydarifard S, Rahebi M. The Impact of Infertility on Sexual Violence in Women Referring to AL-Zahra Infertility Center in Rasht. J Inj Violence Res. 2019;21(1):44-52.
  19. Saffari M, Arslan SA, Yekaninejad MS, Pakpour AH, Zaben FA, Koenig HG. Factors associated with domestic violence against women in Iran: An exploratory multicenter community-based study. J Interpers Violence. 2017:0886260517713224. doi: 10.1177/0886260517713224. PMID: 29294772.
  20. Fallah S, Rostamzade S, Ghelich M. Effective factors on confronting violence on married women. J Gorgan Univ Med Sci. 2016;17(4).
  21. Derakhshanpour F, Mahboobi H, Keshavarzi S. Prevalence of domestic violence against women. J Gorgan Univ Med Sci. 2014;16(1).
  22. Mohamadian F, Hashemian A, Bagheri M, Direkvand-Moghadam A. Prevalence and risk factors of domestic violence against Iranian women: a cross-sectional study. Korean J Fam Med. 2016;37(4):253. doi: 10.4082/kjfm.2016.37.4.253. PMID: 27468345; PMCID: PMC4961859.
  23. Keyvanara M, Saghafipour A, Rojati F, Abbasi MH, Motalebi M, Rasoli A, et al. A study of the spread of spousal abuse and affecting factors in Isfahan in 2011. AFINIDAD Journal. 2014;4(2).
  24. Abbaspoor Z, Momtazpour M. Domestic violence and its related factors based a prevalence study in Iran. Glob J Health Sci. 2016;8(12):1. doi: 10.5539/gjhs.v8n12p1.
  25. ANSARI H, GOLSHIRI P, MOSTAJABOLDAVATI SR. The effect of women’s communication skills on domestic violence. . J Isfahan Med Sch 2017; 35(444): 1080-7.
  26. Sheikhbardsiri H, Khademipour G, Aminizadeh M, Fatemian R, Doustmohammadi MM. Factors related to domestic violence against female employees in educational hospitals affiliated to Isfahan University of Medical Sciences in 2016. jhosp 2018; 17 (1) :45-52.
  27. Torkashwand F, Rezaeean M, Sheikhfathollahi M, Mehrabian M, Bidaki R, Garousi B, et al. The Prevalence of the types of domestic violence on women referred to health care centers in Rafsanjan in 2012. JRUMS 2013; 12 (9) :695-708.
  28. Sheikhbardsiri H, Raeisi A, Khademipour G. Domestic violence against women working in four educational hospitals in Iran. J Interpers Violence. 2020;35(21-22):5107-21. doi: 10.1177/0886260517719539. PMID: 29294832.
  29. Elahi N, Alhani F. Frequency of intimate partner abuse referred to Ahvaz Health Center and related factors. Jundishapur Sci Med J. 2012;11(5):477-87.
  30. Nasrabadi AN, Abbasi NH, Mehrdad N. The prevalence of violence against Iranian women and its related factors. Glob J Health Sci. 2015;7(3):37. doi: 10.5539/gjhs.v7n3p37. PMID: 25948434; PMCID: PMC4802065.
  31. Fakharzadeh L, Tahery N, Heidari M, Hatefi Moadab N, Zahedi A, Elhami S. Factors associated with prevalence of domestic violence in women referred to Abadan health centers in 1394. Iran. J. Epidemiol. 2018;13(4):328-36.
  32. Nouri R, Nadrian H, Yari A, Bakri G, Ansari B, Ghazizadeh A. Prevalence and determinants of intimate partner violence against women in Marivan county, Iran. J Fam Viol. 2012;27(5):391-9. doi: 10.1007/s10896-012-9440-6.
  33. Zarei M, Rasolabadi M, Gharibi F, Seidi J. The prevalence of violence against women and some related factors in Sanandaj city (Iran) in 2015. Electron Physician. 2017;9(11):5746. doi: 10.19082/5746. PMID: 29403614; PMCID: PMC5783123.
  34. Afkhamzadeh A, Azadi N-A, Ziaeei S, Mohamadi-Bolbanabad A. Domestic violence against women in west of Iran: the prevalence and related factors. Int J Hum Rights Healthc. 2019;12(5);364-372. doi: 10.1108/IJHRH-12-2018-0080.
  35. Rahmatian AA, Hosseini SAA. Domestic Abuse in Behshahr, Iran. Iran J Psychiatry Behav Sci. 2015;9(4). doi: 10.17795/ijpbs-1790. PMID: 26834799; PMCID: PMC4733303.
  36. Moghaddam Hosseini V, Asadi ZS, Akaberi A, Hashemian M. Intimate partner violence in the eastern part of Iran: a path analysis of risk factors. Issues Ment Health Nurs. 2013;34(8):619-25. doi: 10.3109/01612840.2013.785616. PMID: 23909674.
  37. Hajian S, Vakilian K, Najm-abadi KM, Hajian P, Jalalian M. Violence against women by their intimate partners in Shahroud in northeastern region of Iran. Glob J Health Sci. 2014;6(3):117. doi: 10.5539/gjhs.v6n3p117. PMID: 24762354; PMCID: PMC4825374.
  38. Ansari H, Noroozi M, Yadegari M, Javaheri M, Ansari S. Physical, mental and sexual abuse among the married women in south eastern Iran, 2009. Iran J Public Health. 2013;16(6):491-9.
  39. Khayat S, Dolatian M, Navidian A, Mahmoodi Z, Kasaeian A. Association between Physical and sexual violence and mental health in suburban women of Zahedan: a cross-sectional study. J Clin Diagn Res. 2017;11(12):IC01-IC5. doi: 10.7860/JCDR/2017/28411.10999.
  40. Rasoulian M, Habib S, Bolhari J, Hakim Shooshtari M, Nojomi M, Abedi S. Risk factors of domestic violence in Iran. J Environ Public Health. 2014;2014:352346. doi: 10.1155/2014/352346. PMID: 24790612; PMCID: PMC3984858.
  41. Ahmadzad-Asl M, Davoudi F, Zarei N, Mohammad-Sadeghi H, Rasoulian M. Domestic violence against women as a risk factor for depressive and anxiety disorders: findings from domestic violence household survey in Tehran, Iran. Arch Womens Ment Health. 2016;19(5):861-9. doi: 10.1007/s00737-016-0626-4. PMID: 26984712.
  42. Nojomi M. Domestic violence and physical and mental state of women. Razi Journal of Medical Sciences. 2017;24(154):20-6.
  43. Vameghi R, Akbari SAA, Majd HA, Sajedi F, Sajjadi H. The comparison of socioeconomic status, perceived social support and mental status in women of reproductive age experiencing and not experiencing domestic violence in Iran.  J Inj Violence Res. 2018;10(1):35. doi: 10.5249/jivr.v10i1.983. PMID: 29376514; PMCID: PMC5801611.
  44. Hajnasiri H, Ghanei Gheshlagh R, Karami M, Taherpour M, Khatooni M, SayehMiri K. Physical, sexual and emotional violence among Iranian women: a systematic review and meta-analysis study. Sci J Kurdistan Univ Med Sci. 2017;21(6):110-21. doi: 10.22102/21.6.110.
  45. McIlwaine C. Urbanization and gender-based violence: exploring the paradoxes in the global South. Environment and Urbanization. 2013;25(1):65-79. doi: 10.1177/0956247813477359.
  46. Culbreth R, Swahn MH, Salazar LF, Kasirye R, Musuya T. Intimate partner violence and associated risk factors among youth in the slums of Kampala. J Interpers Violence. 2021;36(21-22):NP11736-NP55. doi: 10.1177/0886260519889927. PMID: 31782337.
  47. Donta B, Nair S, Begum S, Prakasam C. Association of domestic violence from husband and women empowerment in slum community, Mumbai. J Interpers Violence. 2016;31(12):2227-39. doi: 10.1177/0886260515573574. PMID: 25711619.
  48. Jungari S, Chinchore S. Perception, prevalence, and determinants of intimate partner violence during pregnancy in urban slums of Pune, Maharashtra, India. J Interpers Violence. 2022;37(1-2):NP239-NP63. doi: 10.1177/0886260520914548. PMID: 32345120.
  49. Herrero J, Torres A, Rodríguez FJ. Child abuse, risk in male partner selection, and intimate partner violence victimization of women of the European Union. Prev Sci. 2018;19(8):1102-12. doi: 10.1007/s11121-018-0911-8. PMID: 29869733.
  50. Counts DA, Brown JK, Campbell JC. Sanctions and sanctuary: Cultural perspectives on the beating of wives: Routledge; 2019.
  51. Straus M. Victims and aggressors in marital violence. American Behavioral Scientist. 1980;23(5):681-704.
  52. World Bank national accounts data aONAdf. GDP per capita (current US$) - Iran, Islamic Rep. 2021a [Available from: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD?end=2018&locations=IR&start=2007.
  53. World Bank national accounts data aONAdf. Inflation, GDP deflator (annual %) - Iran, Islamic Rep. 2021b [Available from: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.DEFL.KD.ZG?end=2019&locations=IR&start=2008.
  54. Capaldi DM, Knoble NB, Shortt JW, Kim HK. A systematic review of risk factors for intimate partner violence. Partner abuse. 2012;3(2):231-80. doi: 10.1891/1946-6560.3.2.231. PMID: 22754606; PMCID: PMC3384540.
  55. Sanz-Barbero B, Barón N, Vives-Cases C. Prevalence, associated factors and health impact of intimate partner violence against women in different life stages. PLoS one. 2019;14(10):e0221049. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221049. PMID: 31596869; PMCID: PMC6784976.
  56. Kabeer N. Paid work, women's empowerment and gender justice: critical pathways of social change. 2008.
  57. Kim C, Sung H-E. Characteristics and risk factors of Chinese immigrant intimate partner violence victims in New York City and the role of supportive social networks. The Family Journal. 2016;24(1):60-9. doi: 10.1177/1066480715615632.
  58. Hemmati R. Factors influencing women harassment: the case study of Tehran family. 2004. Social Welfare Quarterly, 3(12), 227. magiran.com/p164099.