ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
The Effect of Home Cooking Method and Refrigeration Processes on the Level of Nitrate and Nitrite In Spinach
Background: Spinach is one of the vegetables with a high concentration of nitrate which is affected by various processes such as cooking and refrigeration before consumption. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of home cooking method, which has not been studied before, on the level of nitrate and nitrite in spinach. The effect of refrigeration was studied, as well. Methods: After removing non-edible parts of spinach, it was cut into 4-7 cm pieces. Then, it was washed with deionized water thrice and drained. A part of raw spinach was set aside to measure the nitrate and nitrite and the other part was heated in a closed container without adding water, until almost all the water of the spinach was evaporated and then refrigerated. HPLC method was used to measure the nitrite and nitrate levels. The collected data were analyzed using Wilcoxon test by SPSS. Results: The mean concentrations of nitrate and nitrite in the raw spinach were 336.54±182.2 and 26.49±10.07 mg/kg, respectively. Cooking process caused a significant increase in the level of nitrate, while refrigeration process led to a significant decrease in this regard. Besides, a slight reduction was observed in the nitrite level after cooking, but the change was not statistically significant. Refrigeration also had no significant effects on the nitrite level of spinach. Conclusion: Considering the non-significant changes in nitrite levels, it seems that home cooking without adding water, unlike refrigeration, is not a proper method to reduce the intake of nitrates and nitrites from spinach.
https://jhsss.sums.ac.ir/article_42779_31e3f4b8f4f578929c3914a7f6c3b400.pdf
2015-07-01
88
93
Nitrate
Nitrite
Cooking
Refrigeration
Spinach
Mitra
Keshavarz
mitra_hp222@yahoo.com
1
Department of Nutrition, School of
Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz
University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz,
Iran;
AUTHOR
Seyed Mohammad
Mazloomi
smmazloomi@gmail.com
2
Department of Food Hygiene and
Quality Control, School of Nutrition
and Food Sciences, Nutrition and Food
Sciences Research Center, Shiraz
University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz,
Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Siavash
Babajafari
jafaris@sums.ac.ir
3
Department of Nutrition, School of
Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz
University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz,
Iran;
AUTHOR
World Health Organization. Chemical fact sheets
1
[internet]. In Guidelines for drinking-water quality,
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p. 398-400. Available from: http://www.who.int/
4
water_sanitation_health/dwq/gdwq3rev/en
5
Machha A, Schechter AN. Dietary nitrite and nitrate:
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a review of potential mechanisms of cardiovascular
7
benefits. Eur J Nutr 2011; 50(5): 293-303.
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Katan MB. Nitrate in foods: harmful or healthy?. The
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American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2009; 90(1):
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Yan PM, Xue WT, Tan SS, Zhang H, Chang XH. Effect
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of inoculating lactic acid bacteria starter cultures on
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the nitrite concentration of fermenting Chinese paocai.
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Food Control 2008; 19(1): 50-5.
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ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Photodegradation of Atrazine by Ultraviolet Radiation in Different Conditions
Background: Atrazine is one of the most widely used triazine herbicides which has been used for controlling broadleaf and grassy weeds for many years. Its widespread use in water has caused environmental concern because of frequent detection of atrazine in aquatic systems where this herbicide has been spilled. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the herbicide removal efficiency at the optimal conditions. Methods: The effect of different parameters including pH at three different levels (3-11), the initial concentration of atrazine at three different levels (0.1-10 mg/L), and reaction time at five different levels (0-120 min) on the removal of atrazine in the aqueous phase using ultraviolet radiation (1020 μw/cm2) was investigated. Finally, the data were analyzed using SPSS software (version 16). Results: The results demonstrated that atrazine removal rate increased by increasing pH, initial atrazine concentration, and reaction time. The maximum rate of atrazine removal (99.2%) at optimal condition occurred in pH=11, atrazine concentration=10 mg/L at 30 min. Conclusion: According to the findings, it can be concluded that the UV-A process is an effective and commodious method for reducing atrazine in polluted water resources.
https://jhsss.sums.ac.ir/article_42781_fd50b1c8cfe2e06d37d52f737932d25f.pdf
2015-07-01
94
100
Herbicide
Atrazine
Ultraviolet radiation
Photodegradation
narges
shamsedini
nshamsedin@sums.ac.ir
1
Department of Environmental Health
Engineering, School of Health, Student
Research Committee, Shiraz University of
Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran;
AUTHOR
Mohammad Ali
Baghapour
2
Department of Environmental Health
Engineering, School of Health,
Shiraz University of Medical Sciences,
Shiraz, Iran;
AUTHOR
Mansooreh
Dehghani
mandehghani@yahoo.com
3
Research Center for Health Sciences,
Department of Environmental Health,
School of Health, Shiraz University of
Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran;
LEAD_AUTHOR
Simin
Nasseri
naserise@tums.ac.ir
4
AUTHOR
Bahena CL, Martinez SS. Photodegradation of
1
chlorbromuron, atrazine, and alachlor in aqueous
2
systems under solar irradiation. International Journal
3
of Photoenergy 2006; 1-6.
4
Mamian M, Torres W, Larmat FE. Electrochemical
5
Degradation of Atrazine in Aqueous Solution at a
6
Platinum Electrode. Portugaliae Electrochimica Acta
7
; 27(3): 371-9.
8
Dinesh Babu J, Alugoju P, Undru B, Thupakula S,
9
Bhavatharini S, Latha P. Effects of Short Term Exposure
10
of Atrazine on the Liver and Kidney of Normal and
11
Diabetic Rats. J Toxicol 2014; 2014: 536759.
12
Hu S, Liu G, Zhu D, Chen C, Liao S. Synthesis,
13
Characterization, and Evaluation of Boron-Doped
14
Iron Oxides for the Photocatalytic Degradation of
15
Atrazine under Visible Light. International Journal of
16
Photoenergy 2012; 1-4.
17
Dehghani M, Nasseri N, Amin SA, Zamanian Z.
18
Assessment of atrazine distribution in Shiraz soils,
19
south of Iran. Pak J Biol Sci 2010; 13(2): 66-72.
20
Dehghani M, Nasseri S, Amin S, Naddafi K, Taghavi
21
M, Yunosian M, et al. Isolation and Identification of
22
Atrazine-degrading Bacteria from Corn Field Soil in
23
Fars Province of Iran. Pak J Biol Sci 2007; 10(1): 84-7.
24
Luhua Z, Haiwei C, Yanlan L, Yanan L, Shengjun
25
W, Jinping S, et al. Evaluation of the Agronomic
26
Performance of Atrazine-Tolerant Transgenic japonica
27
Rice Parental Lines for Utilization in Hybrid Seed
28
Production. P LoS One 2014; 9(10).
29
Wei Liu, Yanwei Du, Jian Liu, Hebin Wang, Daguang
30
Sun, Dongmei Liang, et al. Effects of atrazine on the
31
oxidative damage of kidney in Wister rats Int J Clin
32
Exp Med 2014; 7(10): 3235-43.
33
Thakur RS, Chaudhary R, Singh C. Fundamentals and
34
applications of the photocatalytic treatment for the
35
removal of industrial organic pollutants and effects
36
of operational parameters: A review. J Renewable
37
Sustainable Energy 2010; 2(4): 042701.
38
Dehghani M, Nasseri S, Naddafi K, Taghavi M,
39
Yunosian M, Maleki M. Atrazine Adsorption
40
Desorption Behavior in Darehasaluie Kavar Corn Field
41
Soil in Fars Province of Iran. Iran J Environ. Health
42
Sci Eng 2005; 2(4): 221-8.
43
Nasseri S, Dehghani M, Amin S, Naddafi K, Zamanian
44
Z. Fate Of Atrazine In The Agricultural Soil Of Corn
45
Fields In Fars Province Of Iran. Iran J Environ Health
46
Sci Eng 2009; 6(4): 223-32.
47
Murphya MB, Hecker M, Coady KK, Tompsettb AR,
48
Jones D, Du Preez LH, et al. Atrazine concentrations,
49
gonadal gross morphology and histology in ranid frogs
50
collected in Michigan agricultural areas. Aquatic
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toxicology 2006;76: 230-45.
52
Del Carmen Alvarez M, Fuiman LA. Environmental
53
levels of atrazine and its degradation products impair
54
survival skills and growth of red drum larvae. Aquat
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toxicol 2005; 10; 74(3): 229-41.
56
Udikovic N, Hrsak D, Mendas G, Filipcic D. Enrichment
57
and Characterization of Atrazine Degrading Bacterial
58
Communities. Food Technol Biotechnol 2003; 41(3):
59
Dehghani M, Nasseri S, Hashemi H. Study of the
60
Bioremediation of Atrazine under Variable Carbon
61
and Nitrogen Sources by Mixed Bacterial Consortium
62
Isolated from Corn Field Soil in Fars Province of Iran.
63
J Environ Public Health 2013; 1-7.
64
Azenha M, Burrows HD, Canle LM, Coimbra RM, Fernandez M I, Garcia M V, et al. K inetic and
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mechanistic aspects of the direct photodegradation of
66
atrazine, atraton, ametryn and 2-hydroxyatrazine by
67
nm light in aqueous solution. Journal of Physical
68
Organic Chemistry 2003; 16(8): 498-503.
69
Bushnaq Z. Evaluation of UVA, UVB and UVC
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Photolysis and Photocatalysis for the Removal
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of Atrazine from Contaminated Water: RMIT
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UNIVERSITY; 2006.
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Choi HJ, Choi JD, Kim HK, Lee TJ. Kinetics of
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Atrazine Oxidation By UV Radiation and Oxalate
75
Assisted H2O2/UV Processes. Environ Eng Res 2006;
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(1): 28-32.
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Dehghani M, Shahsavani E, Farzadkia M, Samaei MR.
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Optimizing photo-Fenton like process for the removal
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ChenaH ,Bramanti E, Longoc I, Onor M, Ferrari C.
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Fogarty C. Photocatalytic Oxidation of Ciprofloxacin
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Sarathy SR, Mohseni M. An Overview of UV-based
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Advanced Oxidation Processes for Drinking Water
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Treatment IUVA News 2006; 7(1).
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Dehghani M, Nasseri S, Ahmadi M, Samaei MR,
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Baghapour M, Nasseri S, Derakhshan Z. Atrazine
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removal from aqueous solutions using submerged
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biological aerated filter. J Environ Health Sci Eng
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Konstantinou I, Albanis T. Photocatalytic
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transformation of pesticides in aqueous titanium
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dioxide suspensions using artificial and solar light:
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intermediates and degradation pathways. Applied
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Hemmati Borji S, Nasseri S, Nabizadeh Nodehi R,
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phenol in Aqueous Solutions by Fe(III)-doped TiO2/
107
UV process. Iran J Health & Environ 2011; 3(4): 369-80.
108
Du Y, Su Y, Lei l, Zhang x. Role of oxygen in the
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degradation of atrazine by UV/Fe (III) process. Journal
110
of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry
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; 208(1): 7-12.
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oxidationprocesses involving ozone to eliminate
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atrazine. Ozone Science and Engineering 1998;21:
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Fazlurrahman, Batra M, Pandey J, Suri CR. Jain
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RK. Isolation and characterization of an atrazinedegrading
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Rhodococcussp. strain MB-P1 from
118
contaminated soil. Lett Appl Microbiol 2009; 49(6): 721-9. doi:10.1111/j.1472-765X.2009.02724.x
119
Dehghani M, Nasseri S, Zamanian. Biodegradation
120
of alachlor in liquid and soil cultures under variable
121
carbon and nitrogen sources by bacterial consortium
122
isolated from corn field soil. Iranian J Environ Health
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the aqueous phase using modified granular activated carbon. J Environ Health Sci Eng 2014; 12(1): 28.
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Vlaardingerboek A, Brignon J-M, Genty A, Feenstra
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L, Tongeren Wv, Noppen Kv, et al. An Inventory and
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Assessment of Options for Reducing Emissions: Atrazine.
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Source Control of Priority Substances in Europe 2009.
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Dehghani M, Ahmadi M, Nasseri S. Photodegradation
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Using UV-A Radiation. Iranian J Health Sci 2014;
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135
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Assessment of Manual Material Lifting and Comparison of Oral and Booklet Training Intervention for Improvement of Working Conditions in a Porcelain Production Industry: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Background: Proper training on how to correctly handle loads is one key point for prevention of low back disorders. This study was conducted with the objectives of assessing manual material lifting activities and comparing two methods of training intervention in a porcelain company. Methods: In this randomized controlled trial which was conducted in a porcelain company, all male employees with lifting activities (n=204) participated. The data were collected using Nordic Musculoskeletal Disorders Questionnaire and Lift/ Lower Force Risk Assessment software for assessing manual material lifting. Intervention methods included booklet and oral training. Data were analyzed using Mann-Whitney U and Chisquare tests using SPSS software (Version 17.0). Results: The most prevalent musculoskeletal disorders symptoms were reported in the knee (52.5%), feet (45.1%), and lower back (43.6%). Risk assessment before intervention showed that in 62.7% of the workers studied, the level of exposure to musculoskeletal risks was in Action Level (AL) 1, 31.9% in AL 2 and 5.4% in AL 3. The risk assessment after intervention showed that in 77.5% of the workers studied, the level of exposure to musculoskeletal risks was in Action Level (AL) 1, 20.6% in AL 2 and 2% in AL 3 (P<0.001). Also, statistical analysis revealed that oral training (24.5%) was more effective than the booklet training (11.8%) (P=0.018). Conclusion: This study showed that training intervention could be effective in correction of methods of manual material lifting of workers. It seems oral training for workers of porcelain industry is more effective than the booklet training. Trial registration number: IRCT2015050322071N1.
https://jhsss.sums.ac.ir/article_42782_f112660e4193e5ab88fe390bf8c32276.pdf
2015-07-01
101
106
Musculoskeletal diseases
Lifting
Oral
Booklet
Intervention
alireza
besharati
alireza1798@yahoo.com
1
Department of Ergonomics, School
of Health, Shiraz University of Medical
Sciences, Shiraz, Iran;
AUTHOR
Ali
Ghanbari
ghanbary@sums.ac.ir
2
Department of Ergonomics, School
of Rehabilitation Sciences, Shiraz
University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz,
Iran;
LEAD_AUTHOR
Alireza
Choobineh
alrchoobin@sums.ac.ir
3
Research Center for Health Science,
Shiraz University of Medical Sciences,
Shiraz, Iran;
AUTHOR
Seyed Hamidreza
Tabatabaee
4
Department of Epidemiology, School
of Health, Shiraz University of Medical
Sciences, Shiraz, Iran;
AUTHOR
Hadi
Daneshmandi
daneshmand@sums.ac.ir
5
Research Center for Health Sciences,
Shiraz University of Medical Sciences,
Shiraz, Iran
AUTHOR
Pinzke S. Automatic registration of OWAS postures
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from video film. Proceeding of the Human Factors
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and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, July 29-
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August 4, 2000; California, USA. http://pro.sagepub.
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com/content/44/36/529.abstract
5
Fredericks TK, Kumar AR, Karim S. An ergonomic
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evaluation of a manual metal pouring operation. Int J Ind
7
Ergonom 2008; 38(2): 182-92. http://www.sciencedirect.
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com/science/article/pii/S0169814107000388
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Kivi P, Mattila M. Analysis and improvement of work
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postures in the building industry: application of the
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computerized OWAS method. Appl Ergon 1991; 22(1):
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-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15676798
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Mattila M, Karwowski W, Vilkki M. Analysis of working
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postures in hammering tasks on building construction
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Ergon 1993; 24(6): 405-12. http://www.sciencedirect.
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com/science/article/pii/0003687093901726
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Verbeek J, Martimo KP, Karppinen J, Kuijer PP, Takala
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EP, Viikari-Juntura E. Manual material handling advice
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and assistive devices for preventing and treating back
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pain in workers. Occup Environ Med 2012; 69(1): 79-80.
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Martimo KP1, Verbeek J, Karppinen J, Furlan AD,
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Takala EP, Kuijer PP, et al. Effect of training and
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Danziger J, Dunkle D. Methods of Training in the
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Workplace. Center for Research on Information
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Technology and Organizations, School of Social
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Sciences. University of California, Irvine CA
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-4650. http://www.crito.uci.edu/papers/2005/
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DanzigerDunkle.pdf
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Mohammadi Zeidi I, Morshedi H, Mohammadi Zeidi
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B. Effectiveness of a Theory-Based Educational
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Kaur G. Study and Analysis of Lecture Model
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Kuorinka I, Jonsson B, Kilbom A, Vinterberg
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H, Biering-Sørensen F, Andersson G, et al.
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of musculoskeletal symptoms. Appl Ergon 1987; 18:
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-7. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/
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pii/000368708790010X
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Choobineh AR, Lahmi M, Shahnavaz H, Jazani RK,
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Hosseini M. Musculoskeletal symptoms as related
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to ergonomic factors in Iranian hand-woven carpet
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php?a_id=1775&sid=1&slc_lang=en
118
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
A 23-Year Analysis of Dependency Ratio in Rural Population in Fars Province during 1990-2012: A Trend Analysis Study
Background: The dependency ratio (DR) is defined as the ratio of the non-working population to the economically active population. Dependency ratio is calculated by the sum of population under fifteen years and over 65 years divided by 15-64 year old population. The interpretation of DR variation gives us the impact of health care services and some reproductive interventions. This study analyzed a 23-year DR trend in rural population of Fars province and the effect of some fertility variables on it. Methods: In this study, using data from vital horoscope and regression analysis, we analyzed a 23-year period of DR and some fertility indicators. Results: The total DR significantly declined from 102.5% in 1990 to 41.4% in 2012 (P<0.001). Most of this reduction is attributed to reduction in young DR. Old dependency ratio (population of 65 years and more) was significantly growing (P<0.035). Number of rural health house, family planning coverage, total fertility rate and general fertility rate was significantly associated with total dependency ratio (P<0.009). Conclusion: We passed the first stage of demographic transition, i.e. young dependency ratio declining. But the old dependency ratio slowly increased; it is recommended that the health care services should be promoted in future, especially services for old age people.
https://jhsss.sums.ac.ir/article_42783_b31478553dc5d83a7e8de29fde09133a.pdf
2015-07-01
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112
Trend analysis
Dependency ratio
Fertility
Health services
Alireza
Mirahmadizadeh
mirahmadia@sums.ac.ir
1
Research Center for Health
Sciences, Department of Epidemiology,
School of Health, Shiraz University of
Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran;
LEAD_AUTHOR
Mitra
Rahimi Haghighi
2
Expert of Health Affairs, Shiraz University
of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran;
AUTHOR
Pegah
Shoa Hagighi
3
Expert of Vital Horoscope, Shiraz
University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz
Iran;
AUTHOR
Abdolrasool
Hemmati
4
Vice-Chancellor of Health Affairs,
Shiraz University of Medical Sciences,
Shiraz, Iran;
AUTHOR
Mohsen
Moghadami
mohsen168@gmail.com
5
HIV/AIDS Research Center, Department
of Internal Medicine, Shiraz University of
Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
AUTHOR
World Health Organization. Primary health care.
1
Available at URL: [http://www.who.int/topics/primary_
2
health_care/en/] Cited Aug 10 2011.
3
Coggon D, Rose G, Barker DP. Epidemiology for the
4
Uninitiated. 5th ed. London: British Medical Journal
5
Publications, 2003.
6
Gerstman BB. Stratification and adjustment in
7
epidemiology kept simple: An introduction to modern
8
epidemiology. A John Willy & Sons, Inc. Publication.
9
New York 1998; 108-120.
10
Kogel T. Youth dependency and total factor productivity.
11
Journal of Development Economics 2005; 76: 147- 73.
12
Khosravi A, Najafi F, Rahbar MR, Motlagh ME, Kabir
13
MJ. Health indicators in Islamic Republic of Iran, 2009,
14
(Persian). Available at URL: [http://siasat.behdasht.
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gov.ir/uploads/291_1350_simayei-salamat.pdf?siteid
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=291&siteid=291&pageid=31805] Cited Aug 11 2011.
17
Gapminder, World 2009. Wealth & Health of Nations.
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Available at UR: [http://www.gapminder.org/data]
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Cited Aug 17 2011.
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Kojima H. Aging in Japan: Population Policy
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Implications. Korea J Popul Dev 1995; 24(2): 197-214.
22
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ESA/SER.A/236. Available at URL [http://www.
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Revision volume 1.
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and Opportunities for Women, issue brief. July 2009.
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retirement age. J Popul Econ 2006; 19: 507-19.
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The 1996 revision. Annex I: Demographic indicators.
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United Nations Department for Economic and Social
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information and Policy Analysis, Population Division,
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Available at URL:[http://www.gapminder.org/data]
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Gauthier A, Hatzius J. Family Benefits and Fertility:
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An Economic Analysis. Population Studies 1997; 51:
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Becker G, Barro R. A Reformulation of the Economic
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Theory of Fertility. The Quarterly Journal of Economics 1988; 103(1): 1-25.
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inequality, and maternal education on infant mortality
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in Nicaragua, 1988-1993. Am J Public Health 2000;
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Khosravi K, Motlagh ME, Emami Razavi SH. The Iranian Vital Horoscope; Appropriate Tool to Collect
51
Health Statistics in Rural Areas. Iranian J Publ Health
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; 38: 74-80.
53
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55
Am J Public Health 1994; 84: 819-24.
56
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Effects of Work Shifts and Mental Workload on Chronic Fatigue among Female Nurses in Intensive Care Units
Background: The present study aimed to investigate the effects of work shifts and mental workload on chronic fatigue among female nurses in Intensive Care Units of selected hospitals in Shiraz. Methods: The participants in this cross-sectional study were 118 female nurses working in Intensive Care Units of three hospitals in Shiraz with an average age of 304.8± years. SP (Samn-Perelli) Mental fatigue scale and NASA task load index were rated for two weeks at the beginning and end of each work shift. The Checklist Individual Strenght (CIS) questionnaire was completed to assess the fatigue during the last two weeks. Results: Mean score of chronic fatigue was 69.2±13. Menal fatigue and mental workload per shift were significantly correlated with work shifts (P=0.001). Mental workload (P=0.006, r=0.24) and mental fatigue caused by work shifts (P=0.001, r=0.42) were also significantly correlated with chronic fatigue. Conclusion: The results of the study showed that mental workload and work shifts influence the nurses’ fatigue in Intensive Care Units. Therefore, using intervention strategies to reduce mental work load and modification of shift work system in this group seems to be necessary.
https://jhsss.sums.ac.ir/article_42784_bdde2fb27a468d376321bbeeda97aff3.pdf
2015-07-01
113
118
Intensive care unit
Nurse
fatigue
work shifts
Mental work load
samira
mirzaei
mirzaei_s@sums.ac.ir
1
Department of Occupational Health,
School of Health, Shiraz University of
Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
AUTHOR
Zahra
Zamanian
zamanianz@sums.ac.ir
2
Department of Occupational Health,
School of Health, Shiraz University of
Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Jafar
Hasan Zade
3
Department of Epidemiology, School
of Health, Shiraz University of Medical
Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
AUTHOR
Harrington JM. Health effects of shift work and
1
extended hours of work. Occup Environ Med 2001; 58(1): 68-72.
2
Haus E, Smolensky M. Biological clocks and shift
3
work: circadian dysregulation and potential long-term
4
effects. Cancer causes control 2006; 17(4): 489-500.
5
Zamanian Z, Kakooei H, Ayattollahi SMT, Dehghani
6
M. Effect of bright light on shift work nurses in
7
hospitals. Pak J Biol Sci 2010; 13(9): 431-6.
8
Zamanian Z, Mohammadi H, Rezaeeyani MT,
9
Dehghani M. An investigation of shift work disorders
10
in security personnel of 3 hospitals of Shiraz University
11
of Medical Sciences, 2009. Iran Occupational Health
12
; 9(1): 52-7.
13
Zamanian Z, Dehghani M, Hashemi H. Outline of
14
changes in cortisol and melatonin circadian rhythms
15
in the security guards of Shiraz University of Medical
16
Sciences. Int J Prev Med 2013; 4(7): 825-30.
17
Batak T, GvozdenoviÄ L, Bokan D, Bokan D. The
18
impact of nursesâ shift work on the fatigue level. south
19
estern europe health sciences journal 2013; 3(2): 120-27.
20
de Cordova PB, Phibbs CS, Bartel AP, Stone PW.
21
Twenty-four/seven: a mixed-method systematic review
22
of the off-shift literature. J Adv Nurs 2012; 68(7):
23
Esquirol Y, Bongard V, Mabile L, Jonnier B, Soulat
24
J-M, Perret B. Shift work and metabolic syndrome:
25
respective impacts of job strain, physical activity, and
26
dietary rhythms. Chronobiol Int 2009; 26(3): 544-59.
27
Young G, Zavelina L, Hooper V. Assessment of workload
28
using NASA Task Load Index in perianesthesia nursing.
29
J Perianesth Nurs 2008; 23(2): 102-10.
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Sharma A, Verma A, Malhotra D. Job performanceand
31
chronic fatigue syndrome in nurses. Asian Social
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Barker LM, Nussbaum MA. Fatigue, performance and
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the work environment: a survey of registered nurses. J
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Silva AA, Rotenberg L, Fischer FM. Nursing work
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hours: individual needs versus working conditions.
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Rev Saúde Pública 2011; 45(6): 1117-26.
39
Fletcher A, Dawson D. Field-based validations of a
40
work-related fatigue model based on hours of work.
41
Transportation research part F: traffic psychology and
42
behaviour 2001; 4(1): 75-88.
43
Berger AM, Hobbs BB. Impact of shift work on the
44
health and safety of nurses and patients. Clin J Oncol
45
Nurs 2006; 10(4): 465-71.
46
Mann MB. Testimony: National Aeronautics and
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Space Administration Hearing on Pilot Fatigue before
48
the Aviation Sub Committee of the Committee on
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Transportation Infrastructure. United States House
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of Representatives.
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Gander P, Hartley L, Powell D, Cabon P, Hitchcock E,
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Mills A, et al. Fatigue risk management: Organizational
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factors at the regulatory and industry/company level.
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Baulk SD, Kandelaars KJ, Lamond N, Roach GD, Dawson D, Fletcher A. Does variation in workload
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affect fatigue in a regular 12-hour shift system? Sleep
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conceptual framework of nursing workload and patient
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safety in intensive care units. Intensive Crit Care Nurs
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Personnel of Isfahan, Iran Using the Checklist
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Muntaner C. How Long and How Much Are Nurses
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Now Working? Am J Nurs 2006; 106(4): 60-71.
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Ingre M, Kecklund G, Ã
kerstedt T, Kecklund L.
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102
mixed model approach to an experimental field study
103
of train drivers. Chronobiol Int 2004; 21(6): 973-90.
104
Baulk SD, Fletcher A, Kandelaars K, Dawson D, Roach
105
G. A field study of sleep and fatigue in a regular rotating
106
-h shift system. Appl Ergon 2009; 40(4): 694-8.
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Myny D, Van Goubergen D, Gobert M, Vanderwee
108
K, Van Hecke A, Defloor T. Non-direct patient care
109
factors influencing nursing workload: a review of the
110
literature. J Adv Nurs 2011; 67(10): 2109-29.
111
Myny D, Van Hecke A, De Bacquer D, Verhaeghe
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S, Gobert M, Defloor T, et al. Determining a set of
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measurable and relevant factors affecting nursing
114
workload in the acute care hospital setting: A crosssectional
115
study. Int J Nurs Stud 2012; 49(4): 427-36.
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Seago JA, Spetz J, Mitchell S. Nurse staffing and
117
hospital ownership in California. J Nurs Adm 2004; 34(5): 228-37.
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Dorrian J, Baulk SD, Dawson D. Work hours, workload,
119
sleep and fatigue in Australian Rail Industry employees.
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Appl Ergon 2011; 42(2): 202-9.
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Samaha E, Lal S, Samaha N, Wynahm J. Psychological,
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lifestyle and coping contributors to chronic fatigue in
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shift-worker nurses. J Adv Nurs 2007; 59(3): 221-32.
124
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Acute and Chronic Respiratory Effects of Chromium Mists
Background: Despite wide application of chromium in electroplating industry, the pulmonary effects of chronic exposure to this chemical have not been extensively studied and are subject of debate and controversy. This study was, therefore, undertaken to further address this issue. Methods: The study population consisted of a group of 15 workers with a history of past and present occupational exposure to chromium mists and 15 unexposed healthy subjects (referent). Subjects were interviewed, respiratory symptom questionnaires were filled out for them, and their parameters of pulmonary function (PFT) were measured during the shift and a few days after exposure ceased. Results: Both groups were similar as to the number of smokers, their length of smoking, and demographic factors such as age, weight and height. Although the unexposed group, on average, were slightly older than their exposed counterparts, statistical analysis of the data revealed that symptoms such as productive cough, phlegm, wheezing and shortness of breath were significantly (P<0.05) more prevalent among the exposed workers. Furthermore, the parameters of pulmonary function (PFT) of the exposed workers, while at work, were significantly lower than those of referent individuals. Interestingly, PFT of the exposed subjects generally showed some improvement a few days after their exposure ceased. However, despite this relative recovery, the differences of PFT values between the exposed and referent groups, from statistical point of view, remained significant. Conclusion: Our data support the proposition that exposure to chromium mists induces abnormal respiratory symptoms as well as both acute, partially reversible and chronic irreversible lung functional impairments.
https://jhsss.sums.ac.ir/article_42785_b37e1a1bfc2926411292890b519d89d2.pdf
2015-07-01
119
124
Chromium
Respiratory symptoms
Respiratory function tests
electroplating
Masoud
Neghab
neghabm@sums.ac.ir
1
Research Center for Health Sciences,
Shiraz University of Medical Sciences,
Shiraz, Iran;
AUTHOR
Parisa
Azad
2
Student’s Research Committee, Shiraz
University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz,
Iran;
AUTHOR
marzieh
Honarbakhsh
ma.honarbakhsh@gmail.com
3
Student’s Research Committee, Shiraz
University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz,
Iran;
LEAD_AUTHOR
Fatemeh
Zarei
4
Student’s Research Committee, Shiraz
University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz,
Iran;
AUTHOR
Ebrahim
Ghaderi
5
Department of Epidemiology, School
of Health, Shiraz University of Medical
Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
AUTHOR
Agency for toxic substances and disease Rigistry case
1
studies in Enviromental Medicine (CSEM) chromium
2
toxicity, December 18, 2008.
3
World Health Organization. Chromium (Environmental
4
Health Criteria 61) International Programme on
5
Chemical Safety. Geneva, Switzerland 1990.
6
Dayan AD, Paine AJ. Mechanisms of chromium
7
toxicity, carcinogenicity and allergenicity: review of
8
the literature from 1985 to 2000. Hum Exp Toxicol
9
; 20(9): 439-51.
10
International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS).
11
Chromium. Environmental Health Criteria 61. WHO.
12
Agency for toxic substances and disease Registry
13
(ATSDR). Agency for toxic substances and disease
14
Registry Toxicological profile for chromium. U.S.
15
Department of Health and Human services, public
16
Health services. September 2012.
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Zober A. Possible dangers to the respiratory tract from
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welding fumer: methods of approach in an industrial
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health care context and results. Schweissen Schneiden
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; 34 (2): 77-81.(in German).
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Jindrichova J. chromium damage in arc welders. Z
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Gesamte Hyg 1978; 24(2): 86-8.(in German).
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Keskinen H, Kalliomaki PL, Alanko K. Occupational
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Allerg 1980; 10: 151-9.
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Letterer E, Neidhardt K, Klett H. Chromate lung
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cancer and chromate pneumoconiosis. A clinical,
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morbid anatomical and industrial-hygiene-related
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Sluis-Cremer GK, Du Toit RS. Pneumoconiosis in
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risks among the workers employed in leather tanneries
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at Kanpur. Indian J Occup Environ Med 2008; 12(3):
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Lindberg E, Hdenstierna G. Chrome plating: Symptoms,
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findings in upper airways, and effects on lung function.
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Reggiani A, Lotti M, De Rosa E, Saia B. Impairments of
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Note1. Spirographic changes. Lav Um 1973; 25(1): 23-7.
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Bovet P, Lob M, Gradjiean M. Spirometric Alteration in
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workers in chromium electroplating industry. Int Arch
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Occup Environ Health 1977; 40(1): 25-32.
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US PHS, Health of workers in chromate producing
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(192): 131 pp.
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Erkinjuntti-Pekkanen R, Slater T, Cheng S, Fishwick D,
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up of pulmonary function values among welders in
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health effects of long-term exposure to different
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chromium species in stainless steel production. Occup
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Rev Respir Dis 1978; 118: 1-120.
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to Nickel and Chromium among Factory Workers in
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Kenya. J Community Med Health Educ 2013; 3: 7.
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Hamzah NA, Mohd Tamrin SB, Ismail NH. Metal Dust
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in Terengganu, Malaysia. Iranian J Publ Health 2014;
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(3): 154-66 Original.
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Were FH, Charles Moturi M, Wafula GA. Chromium
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Exposure and Related Health Effects among Tannery
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septum lesions and lung function in workers exposed
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in Zimbabwe. Trop Med Int Health 1999; 4(9): 621â8 .
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ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Screening Type 2 Diabetes: A Clinical Guide for Family Physicians
Health care system is organized to achieve more efficiency as well as developing public equity and providing access to the first, second and third levels of services. Family physician is in the first line of the health care system; in other words, family physician is the health system’s goalkeeper. According to classification of health services, gaining access to specialized services becomes possible through the referral system.1 Referral system is a system in which the client should primarily refer to the family physician in order to gain access to health care services and be referred to a specialist if necessary. The specialist refers the patient to the family physician for following treatment modalities after doing necessary medical care and advice and recording the results in the feedback form.2 Despite the different levels of service delivery, the boundaries between these levels are not clear enough and have caused problems in the referral system. Certainly, for better implementation of family physician plan, empowering family physicians, clarifying the referral procedure, and localizing its components are of great importance. One of the life long concerns of the Ministry of Health and Medical Education, especially Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, has been developing clinical guidelines to empower family physicians based on clinical referral system and local conditions of the country. Among effective measures in this field is preparing clinical guidelines, according to the level of services and in line with the referral system. The purpose of developing clinical guidelines is improving the quality of health care and increasing the patient’s satisfaction through the following specific objectives:
https://jhsss.sums.ac.ir/article_42780_40fdb373008bf7aaaf6ab3129701e9de.pdf
2015-07-01
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seyed esmaeil
Managheb
managheba@sums.ac.ir
1
Quality Improvement in Clinical
Education Research Center, Education
Development Center, Shiraz University of
Medical Sciences,
LEAD_AUTHOR
Mesbah
Shams
2
Endocrinology and Metabolism
Research Center, Nemazee Teaching
Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical
Sciences, Shiraz, Iran;
AUTHOR
Mahmood
Soveid
3
Department of Internal Medicine, Shiraz
University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz,
Iran;
AUTHOR
Mohamad Hadi
Imanieh
4
Department of Pediatrics, Namazee
Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical
Sciences, Shiraz, Iran;
AUTHOR
Mohsen
Moghadami
mohsen168@gmail.com
5
Department of Internal Medicine, School
of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical
Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
AUTHOR
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