Jafar Hassanzadeh; Zahra Maleki; Arefe Abedinzade; Mohebat Vali
Abstract
Background: The rapid response of governments to overcome COVID-19 is increasingly important. In this study, we investigated the epidemiological changes of Covid-19 and the vaccination status of this disease in the Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMRO).Methods: This research is a descriptive ecologic study. ...
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Background: The rapid response of governments to overcome COVID-19 is increasingly important. In this study, we investigated the epidemiological changes of Covid-19 and the vaccination status of this disease in the Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMRO).Methods: This research is a descriptive ecologic study. Data on vaccination status in the EMRO region were collected and Also the daily cases, daily COVID-19 mortality, the total number of deaths, and cases from January 3, 2020, to June 13, 2022.Results: Iran had the highest number of known cases and deaths, while Bahrain and Tanzania had the highest cumulative rates of cases and deaths, respectively. The highest average monthly incidence rate changes were observed in Iraq, with 41.74%. Iran had the highest average monthly death rate changes with 25.75% and the highest number of known cases and deaths.The United Arab Emirates had the highest total vaccinations per 100 individuals and the highest percentage of persons fully vaccinated.Conclusion: It appears that cooperation among countries in the region regarding vaccination can lead to a decline in the disease and ultimately control its spread. Furthermore, there is a noticeable decrease in the percentage of monthly changes after the start of vaccination in the EMRO countries. The gradual increase in some countries during the last segment highlights the importance of booster vaccinations.
Amir Emami
Abstract
This article has no abstract.
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This article has no abstract.
Hassan Hashemi; Ehsan Gharehchahi; Mohammad Golaki; Amin Mohammadpour; Zohre Moeini
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a viral infection caused by SARS-CoV-2, first recognized in China and quickly became a global pandemic. The COVID-19 pandemic has been found to have positive and negative environmental impacts. Air, wastewater, and solid waste are some examples that show this pandemic’s ...
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Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a viral infection caused by SARS-CoV-2, first recognized in China and quickly became a global pandemic. The COVID-19 pandemic has been found to have positive and negative environmental impacts. Air, wastewater, and solid waste are some examples that show this pandemic’s consequences. The current review summarizes the interactions between the COVID-19 pandemic with air, water, wastewater, and solid waste. During the COVID-19 outbreak, air pollution, ambient noise, fuel, and energy consumption, have been reduced. On the other hand, air pollution has been shown to increase the risk of COVID-19; thus, there is a positive correlation between air pollution and the number of COVID- 19 cases. Moreover, the researchers have detected the SARSCOV- 2 in feces and wastewater. Therefore, exposure to SARSCoV- 2 is possible by utilizing untreated effluent and wastewater in irrigation or aerosol generation during specific wastewater treatment processes. Furthermore, monitoring SARS-CoV-2 in the wastewater allows us to detect the virus before it spreads in the community take the necessary measures, and implement effective policies. Changes in the composition and quantity of municipal solid waste (MSW) are typical results of the COVID-19 pandemic, as plastic waste generation has increased globally due to the higher use of disposable single-use plastic bags and packaging. Mixing infectious virus-infected waste with domestic waste has led to the terminus of waste recycling in many parts of the world due to its hazardous potential. Developing effective strategies based on the sustainable development approach may reduce the adverse effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and similar outbreaks in the future.
Fariba Zarei; Reza Jahankhah; Nourallah Najafi; Rezvan Ravanfar; Maryam Rezaee; Soroor Raiskarimi; Sahar Soltanabadi; Hamid Aria
Abstract
Background: The current study was carried out to analyze the clinical, laboratory, and computed tomography (CT) findings obtained from both groups of patients, i.e., those who died or recovered from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).Methods: This cross-sectional multicenter study was conducted on 71 ...
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Background: The current study was carried out to analyze the clinical, laboratory, and computed tomography (CT) findings obtained from both groups of patients, i.e., those who died or recovered from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).Methods: This cross-sectional multicenter study was conducted on 71 adult patients with COVID-19 who had been discharged or died. Demographic, clinical, laboratory, and CT features were obtained from electronic medical records and compared between deceased and survived patients.Results: Seventy-one patients (40 men, 31 women, 23–98 years) were included in the study. The mean age of deceased patients (70.77±17.36 years) was significantly higher than recovered ones (49.68±16.25 years) (P<0.001). Cough and neurological signs (a lateralizing sign of focal neurological insult) were shown to be significantly different between survived and non-survived groups (P=0.008 and P<0.001, respectively). Leukocytosis was present in 15 (41.7%) patients who died and 5 (14.3%) patients who were discharged (P=0.01). Hemoglobin and O2 saturation were significantly lower in patients who died than in recovered ones (P<0.001 and P=0.001, respectively). A significantly higher level of CRP was found in deceased infected patients compared to recovered ones (P=0.001). Crazy-paving pattern and consolidation were significantly higher in patients who died than in recovered subjects (P<0.001).Conclusion: Patients’ manifestations on admission, such as older age, cough, leukocytosis, low levels of hemoglobin and O2 saturation, as well as the occurrence of crazy-paving patterns and consolidation, were predictive of poor outcomes.
Vahid Rahmanian; Farhang Hooshmand; Razieh Zahedi; Narges Rahmanian; Seyede Somayeh Hoseini; Zeynab Sahraian; Maryam Chegeni
Abstract
Background: Currently, COVID-19 is a global public health problem. This study aimed to estimate the seroprevalence of antibodies related to Covid-19 in the general population in southern Iran.Methods: This cross-sectional population-based study of the seroepidemiological type investigated the serological ...
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Background: Currently, COVID-19 is a global public health problem. This study aimed to estimate the seroprevalence of antibodies related to Covid-19 in the general population in southern Iran.Methods: This cross-sectional population-based study of the seroepidemiological type investigated the serological prevalence of COVID-19 from October to December 2020 in Jahrom, Fars province, Iran. A total of 612 participants were selected using multistage cluster random sampling regardless of age or gender. The dataset in the study included the participants’ demographic information, the history of exposure to COVID-19 patients, the history of PCR tests, and the history of COVID-19 symptoms in previous months. In addition, this study examined the raw and survey weight adjusted estimates with Stata version 14. Finally, logistic regression was performed to identify risk factors for serum prevalence.Results: The participants’ mean age was 38.88±13.91 and the majority were 30 to 49 years (51.4%), with a female preponderance (58.7%). The estimated adjusted seroprevalence was 32.66 (95%CI: 28.93-36.63), with 207 positive cases for either IgG or IgM. The results of multivariable logistic regression showed that seropositivity in the participants was 4.95 times more likely associated with a history of positive PCR test (OR: 4.95, 95%CI: 2.46-10.90) and 2.14 times in patients with a history of muscle pain in previous months (OR: 2.14, 95%CI: 1.03-4.47).Conclusion: The actual number of patients with COVID-19 is significantly higher than the number of cases confirmed by the disease monitoring system based on PCR tests. Therefore, tracking individuals’ contact with confirmed patients using extensive testing and segregation of asymptomatic patients can help control the epidemic.
Ehsan Gharehchahi; Fatemeh Dehghani; Ata Rafiee; Marzieh Jamalidoust; Mohammad Hoseini
Abstract
Background: Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an immensely transmissible viral infectious disease caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). This study aimed to assess the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in the indoor air, on the surfaces, and on the fomites of a COVID-19 referral ...
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Background: Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an immensely transmissible viral infectious disease caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). This study aimed to assess the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in the indoor air, on the surfaces, and on the fomites of a COVID-19 referral hospital in Shiraz, Iran.Methods: In this cross-sectional study, indoor air sampling was conducted utilizing a standard midget impinger containing 15 ml of viral transfer medium (VTM) equipped with a sampling pump with a flow rate of 10 L min-1 for 60 minutes. Surfaces and fomites were sampled using sterile polyester swabs. The realtime reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) was utilized to detect SARS-CoV-2.Results: The RNA of SARS-CoV-2 was detected in about 41.2% indoor air and 32% swab samples. Four out of the six (66.7%) indoor air samples up to a distance of 2 meters from the patient’s bed in intensive care units (ICU-1, ICU-3), accident and emergency (A&E-2), and negative pressure rooms were positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA. All air samples within 2 to 5 meters of the patient’s bed were negative.Conclusion: This study’s results did not support the airborne SARS-CoV-2 transmission; However, it showed contamination of surfaces and fomites in the studied hospital’s wards.
Mousa Bamir; Atousa Porshikhali; Ali Masoud; Reza Sadeghi
Abstract
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This Article Has No Abstract.
Mousa Bamir; Salman Farahbakhsh; Salman Daneshi
Abstract
Coronaviruses are relatively old viruses that first were identified in 1930 as the infectious bronchitis virus in birds, and in 1940 were identified as the cause of gastroenteritis in pigs. Global concern rising about mortality during the COVID-19 pandemic and varieties of clinical signs seems to be ...
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Coronaviruses are relatively old viruses that first were identified in 1930 as the infectious bronchitis virus in birds, and in 1940 were identified as the cause of gastroenteritis in pigs. Global concern rising about mortality during the COVID-19 pandemic and varieties of clinical signs seems to be a good reason to consider using COVID-19 to fight the virus before becoming infected. According to the unprecedented transmission rate of infectious viruses from the past and the evidence of the effectiveness of using preventive methods in the fight against infectious and respiratory diseases, we use the prominence of the family-centered role in Iran compared to other countries (1,2) Following the globalization crisis of COVID-19 in different parts of the world, Iran was facing a more destructive virus, increasing the most brutal sanctions pressure of the United States which has many effects and challenges. In particular, the medical sector faced severe challenges and problems which is referred as drug terrorism to some extent (4,5) Sanctions caused barriers for importing humanitarian aid and medical supplies, including coronavirus detection tools, providing necessary medicines and raw materials to give citizens access the information about the disease and its prevalence. In such a situation, the country's health sector needs to take preventive measures to reduce transmission risk and manage disease. One of the most important ways to prevent the transmission is maintaining the social distance and home care (family-oriented) which are among the most cost-effective ways to reduce vulnerabilities to Covid-19. Domestic and family-oriented policies and quarantine measures controled the speed transmission in East Asian countries. Their similar cases and useful experiences can be a successful scientific and experimental model for Iran, where needs such a control policy more than other countries. Overall, although living in home quarantine has psychological, social, and economic consequences, in Iran, the first and most important strategy for using a preventive home care policy is to focus on people's culture. Increasing training activities, familirizing people with the proper personal and social health behavior, changing people's attitudes towards the adoption of social spacing and justifying why staying at home can be very effective and helpful. Proper and principled policies by the government, such as promoting e-commerce infrastructure and encouraging people to shop online, providing livelihood support to low-income people, Controlling rumors and preventing the spread of false news and unscientific therapies, controlling anxiety and stress management by creating creativity and innovation for fun and vibrancy to avoid psychological and social challenges in the community in this condition are effective and useful strategies (6).
Asita Elengoe; Shalini Selvam
Abstract
Background: The year 2020 began with a new public health hazard. A novel coronavirus, acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was discovered in Wuhan, China on 12th December 2019. In 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) introduced the name of the disease as ‘COVID-19’. ...
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Background: The year 2020 began with a new public health hazard. A novel coronavirus, acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was discovered in Wuhan, China on 12th December 2019. In 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) introduced the name of the disease as ‘COVID-19’. Objective: The morphology, pathogenic mechanisms, causes, transmission, symptoms, diagnosis, therapeutic potential, clinical studies on COVID-19 infection, preventive measures, and mental health care were described in this study. Methods: A literature search was conducted using electronic databases such as PubMed, Scopus, Elsevier, Frontiers, Medline, EMBASE, Web of Science, Science Direct, and Google Scholar. The search was broadly scoped, using key terms such as SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, etc. Results: The genomic characterization of SARS-CoV-2, drugs, and their potential mechanisms used in humans to inhibit the SARS-CoV-2 were tabulated. Moreover, twenty-five clinical researches carried out against COVID-19 infection were also tabulated in this study. Preventive measures such as chemical disinfectants and increasing test capacity were also discussed. Conclusion: The current study provides a snapshot of the overview of the SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19. The findings suggested the effective preventive measures to halt the spread of SARS-CoV-2 and develop a better vaccine. The information from this review study also aids in early preparations for future pandemic outbreaks.
Abiodun Ebenezer Kolapo; Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi; Temitope Olajumoke Omoju; Olugbenga Adeola Odukanmi; Dayo Olufemi Akanbi; James Olatunde Okediran; Muhammad Shakir Balogun
Abstract
Background: This study aimed to assess the knowledge, perception, and sources of COVID-19 information among Nigerian youths. Methods: We conducted a descriptive cross-sectional study among 817 National Youth Service Corps members. Participants’ overall general knowledge about COVID-19 was ...
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Background: This study aimed to assess the knowledge, perception, and sources of COVID-19 information among Nigerian youths. Methods: We conducted a descriptive cross-sectional study among 817 National Youth Service Corps members. Participants’ overall general knowledge about COVID-19 was assessed using nine questions that consisted of general knowledge on the cause, origin, mode of transmission, signs and symptoms, availability of a potent vaccine and specific therapy, prevention strategies of COVID-19 and knowledge of proper handwashing practices. P-values Results: The mean age of the respondents was 24.1± 2 years, 317 (41.2%) were males, and 73 (8.9%) had studied a health-related course. Of the 754 respondents who responded to the COVID-19 knowledge questions, 187 (24.8%) had general knowledge about COVID-19, while 280 (37.1%) had knowledge in all domains; mode of spread, symptoms and signs, and prevention of COVID-19. Among the respondents, 129 (40.7%) males had satisfactory knowledge of COVID-19 (p=0.070), while 38 participants (52.1%) who had studied a health-related course had satisfactory knowledge of COVID-19 (p=0.003). Regarding the knowledge of handwashing, 184 (58%) males displayed satisfactory knowledge (p=0.007). Social media (64.4%) and television (58%) were the main sources of COVID-19 information. Respondents who had studied a health-related course were twice likely to have satisfactory knowledge of COVID-19 (AOR=2, 95% CI=1.25-2.5 p=0.003,) and six times likely to have satisfactory knowledge of handwashing (AOR=5.6, 95%CI=3.3-10.0, p=<0.0001). Conclusion: Utilization of both social media and the mainstream mass media in disseminating health education information and correcting fake news and misconceptions is needed. Health promotion strategies should be organized for all youths, especially among those who have no previous education in the health and allied courses.
Sina Vakili; Sarvenaz Roshanisefat; Leila Ghahramani; Sheida Jamalnia
Abstract
Background: The latest outbreak of coronavirus (2019-nCoV), emerging in Wuhan, China, has spread exponentially in 2019. Management of gallbladder stones during COVID-19 pandemic may be challenging. We report an Iranian COVID-19 Case in a Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy Patient. Case presentation: In the ...
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Background: The latest outbreak of coronavirus (2019-nCoV), emerging in Wuhan, China, has spread exponentially in 2019. Management of gallbladder stones during COVID-19 pandemic may be challenging. We report an Iranian COVID-19 Case in a Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy Patient. Case presentation: In the present study, we documented a case of COVID-19 in an Iranian patient for laparoscopic cholecystectomy and established the diagnosis, symptoms, and treatments of the case in order to provide non-emergent surgical procedure triage guidelines. Conclusion: This case highlights the importance of good collaboration between doctors and the authorities of public health in Iran, plus the demand for urgent exchange of clinical experience and knowledge with regard to the treatment of this infectious disease.
