Samin Nobakht; Leila Riahi; Leila Nazarimanesh; Kamran Hajinabi
Abstract
Background: Strengthening primary health care services for the elderly is vital. In this regard, adequate and sustainable financing is necessary for primary health care. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the methods of financing primary health care for the elderly in Iran in 2021.Methods: ...
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Background: Strengthening primary health care services for the elderly is vital. In this regard, adequate and sustainable financing is necessary for primary health care. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the methods of financing primary health care for the elderly in Iran in 2021.Methods: This is a mixed method cross-sectional study carried out in 2021 with a combination of quantitative and qualitative data. The sample size was estimated to be 254 subjects. Sampling was done in a stratified manner. The studied variables were the result of a comparative study and interview. In this study, to measure the construct validity, exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis method was used. Data were analyzed using SPSS-21 and AMOS-24 software.Results: The results of exploratory factor analysis showed that all variables had factor loadings above 0.3. The results of the second-order confirmatory factor analysis showed that all the items of primary health care financing for the elderly were approved. These items include the allocation of GDP to cover part of the costs of old age care, tax collection, social insurance coverage for the disabled and retired, allocation of subsidies to vulnerable groups, private and supplementary insurances, transfer of employee insurance premiums to medical funds to cover the health and medical expenses in old age, the use of municipal and governorate budgets, and incentive policies. The results showed that the use of municipal and governorate budgets and incentive policies had the highest (0.726) and the lowest (0.531) standard coefficients, respectively.Conclusion: The findings of the study show that the construct validity of the designed model has a good level. Using this model by managers, policymakers, and health planners can improve the financing of primary health care services for the elderly and thus meet their health needs.
Foruzan Tavan; Abdolrahim Asadollahi
Abstract
Background: Frailty syndrome involves a complex combination of the natural process of getting old with different medical problems. Different indexes have been designed for each physical, mental, and social dimensions of frailty. Fried’s five-item index of frailty syndrome checklist is one of the ...
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Background: Frailty syndrome involves a complex combination of the natural process of getting old with different medical problems. Different indexes have been designed for each physical, mental, and social dimensions of frailty. Fried’s five-item index of frailty syndrome checklist is one of the most applicable scales to screen frailty. This study aimed to determine a psychometric index of frailty and the cut-off points for the Iranian elderly population. Methods: In a cross-sectional and psychpmetric study, 249 frail elderly people were selected among members of two Iranian Army Retirees Clubs in 2019. This was a cross-sectional-psychometric study which aimed at determining the psychometric index and cut-off points of a brief checklist of 5-item FSC among Iranian adults older than 60 years old and comparing this to prior results in different countries. Results: The data were analyzed by ANOVA, multi-variable regression, confirmatory, and exploratory factor analysis, and ROC analysis via SPSS 25 and AMOS 24. The validity of the study findings was determined by internal validity, high correlation of 5 questions, confirmatory and exploratory factor analysis of 3 subdomains with a clarity value of 0.87, and high goodness of fit index (GFI). Conclusion: The determined cut-off points were compatible with those of Fried’s prior study. The designed tools used in this study evaluated frailty syndrome of the Iranian elderly in elderly rehabilitation studies with high confidence. The application of the tool would provide caregivers and policymakers with additional information as to caring for this population.
Introduction
The world population has become older due to the decreasing mortality rate, increasing life expectancy, and enhanced healthcare technologies.(1) Worldwide, the elderly population is expected to increase from 9% to 16% during 35 years from 1995 to 2030. Regionally, the elderly population is expected to increase in Asia and Iran from 9.3% to 18.6% and from 5.17 to 6.5 % over the same period, respectively.(2) Increased chronic diseases and multi-morbidity in the elderly and the associated increased prevalence of inabilities are the main concern in the growth of the elderly population . Senescence syndromes are groups of prevalent characteristics among the elderly and, as such, are not considered a disease. These syndromes are a group of prevalent characteristics among the elderly, which are not considered a disease. Frailty syndrome involves a complex combination of the natural processes of getting old with different medical problems,(3)such as weakness, dullness, decreased energy, decreased physical activity, and unintentional weight loss (in more intense cases).(3)Frailty syndrome consists of physiological disorders in six different systems (hematic, inflammatory, hormonal, obesity, neuromuscular, and nutritional).(4) The brain, endocrine, musculoskeletal, and immune systems are mostly associated with frailty syndrome, which have been studied considerably.(4) The prevalence of frailty due to its wide definition and variety of measurement tools is estimated 19.6% in Latin America and the Caribbean (5), from 3.9 per cent in China to 26% and 51.4% in India and Cuba, respectively (6), 35.7% in Brazil (7), 10% in Japan (8), and in European countries from 7.7 per cent of the Swedish elderly to 15.6% Portuguese older adults (9). There are no national frailty data in the elderly population of Iran, bBut it can be assumed to be similar to developing countries like India and Brazil. Most of the tools developed to evaluate frailty have a frailty pre-diagnosis, enabling the authorities to identify people at high risk of frailty.(10, 11)
Frailty can be examined in both clinical and social contexts. The clinical view argues that frailty increases the risks of side effects, such as fall, hospitalization, inability, and death.(12) The social view identifies the groups in need of additional medical care services and at high risk of dependency.(12) Policymakers and providers of health services have realized that frailty could significantly affect people, caregivers, healthcare systems, and society.(11, 12) Furthermore, concerns have been raised regarding prevention and health management plans due to the effect of frailty on the healthcare of patients.(13) If frailty can be diagnosed, prevented, and treated by identifying its different reasons and factors, this can lead to the prevention or at least delay in the onset of frailty syndrome. As some recent studies have suggested, frailty sequences could be reversed by implementing specific practical plans and nutritional supplements (3, 14, 15). Therefore, identification of consequences relevant to frailty is highly vital, indicating the need for a tool to predict frailty challenges in Iran. These challenges can be screened, and definite cut-off points can be determined for Iranian frail patients. These actions help the healthcare policymakers in the country to systemize and optimize their decisions, just as many developed countries have done in recent years.(16) Fried’s five-item index of frailty syndrome checklist (5-Item FSC) is one of the most applicable scales to screen frailty.(16)
Psychometric properties and cut-off points of FSC differ from one country to another regarding their cultural, social, nutritional, and even phenotypical differences (17) compared to other indices. Therefore, the present study aimed to determine the validity, reliability, and cut-off points of 5-item FSC for Iranian elderly.
Hamed Delam; Esmaeil Kavi; Mohammad-Rafi Bazrafshan
Abstract
Background: Since the elderly are more susceptible to cognitive impairment than other age groups, this study aimed to investigate the assessment of cognitive status of the elderly living in nursing homes in Larestan city and the relationship between cognitive status of the elderly people ...
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Background: Since the elderly are more susceptible to cognitive impairment than other age groups, this study aimed to investigate the assessment of cognitive status of the elderly living in nursing homes in Larestan city and the relationship between cognitive status of the elderly people and some demographic variables. Methods: This research was a cross-sectional study conducted on all the elderly living in a nursing home in Larestan city. Sampling was done by census method and 54 elderly people were selected according to the inclusion criteria. Demographic characteristics questionnaire was used to assess general information of the elderly, and standard mini mental state examination questionnaire was used to assess the elderly people’s cognitive status. Results: The mean age of the males was 69.44± 5.83 years with a range of 60-78. Mean and standard deviation of cognitive status were 25.28 ± 2.15 for males and 24.82 ± 2.54 for females, respectively. Also, 5 (9.30%) had moderate cognitive impairment, 24 (44.40%) had moderate cognitive impairment and 25 (46.30%) had normal cognitive status. There was a significant relationship between marital status and cognitive status in the elderly (p value = 0.012). The mean cognitive status of the married and single elderly was 24.10 ± 2.51 and 25.54 ± 2.13, respectively. Conclusion: Cognitive disorders are more prevalent among the elderly married couples, which can improve the adverse effects of these cognitive disorders by strengthening family relationships and caring.