Mousa Bamir; Atousa Porshikhali; Ali Masoud; Reza Sadeghi
Abstract
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This Article Has No Abstract.
Mousa Bamir; Salman Farahbakhsh; Salman Daneshi
Abstract
Coronaviruses are relatively old viruses that first were identified in 1930 as the infectious bronchitis virus in birds, and in 1940 were identified as the cause of gastroenteritis in pigs. Global concern rising about mortality during the COVID-19 pandemic and varieties of clinical signs seems to be ...
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Coronaviruses are relatively old viruses that first were identified in 1930 as the infectious bronchitis virus in birds, and in 1940 were identified as the cause of gastroenteritis in pigs. Global concern rising about mortality during the COVID-19 pandemic and varieties of clinical signs seems to be a good reason to consider using COVID-19 to fight the virus before becoming infected. According to the unprecedented transmission rate of infectious viruses from the past and the evidence of the effectiveness of using preventive methods in the fight against infectious and respiratory diseases, we use the prominence of the family-centered role in Iran compared to other countries (1,2) Following the globalization crisis of COVID-19 in different parts of the world, Iran was facing a more destructive virus, increasing the most brutal sanctions pressure of the United States which has many effects and challenges. In particular, the medical sector faced severe challenges and problems which is referred as drug terrorism to some extent (4,5) Sanctions caused barriers for importing humanitarian aid and medical supplies, including coronavirus detection tools, providing necessary medicines and raw materials to give citizens access the information about the disease and its prevalence. In such a situation, the country's health sector needs to take preventive measures to reduce transmission risk and manage disease. One of the most important ways to prevent the transmission is maintaining the social distance and home care (family-oriented) which are among the most cost-effective ways to reduce vulnerabilities to Covid-19. Domestic and family-oriented policies and quarantine measures controled the speed transmission in East Asian countries. Their similar cases and useful experiences can be a successful scientific and experimental model for Iran, where needs such a control policy more than other countries. Overall, although living in home quarantine has psychological, social, and economic consequences, in Iran, the first and most important strategy for using a preventive home care policy is to focus on people's culture. Increasing training activities, familirizing people with the proper personal and social health behavior, changing people's attitudes towards the adoption of social spacing and justifying why staying at home can be very effective and helpful. Proper and principled policies by the government, such as promoting e-commerce infrastructure and encouraging people to shop online, providing livelihood support to low-income people, Controlling rumors and preventing the spread of false news and unscientific therapies, controlling anxiety and stress management by creating creativity and innovation for fun and vibrancy to avoid psychological and social challenges in the community in this condition are effective and useful strategies (6).
Asita Elengoe; Shalini Selvam
Abstract
Background: The year 2020 began with a new public health hazard. A novel coronavirus, acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was discovered in Wuhan, China on 12th December 2019. In 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) introduced the name of the disease as ‘COVID-19’. ...
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Background: The year 2020 began with a new public health hazard. A novel coronavirus, acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was discovered in Wuhan, China on 12th December 2019. In 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) introduced the name of the disease as ‘COVID-19’. Objective: The morphology, pathogenic mechanisms, causes, transmission, symptoms, diagnosis, therapeutic potential, clinical studies on COVID-19 infection, preventive measures, and mental health care were described in this study. Methods: A literature search was conducted using electronic databases such as PubMed, Scopus, Elsevier, Frontiers, Medline, EMBASE, Web of Science, Science Direct, and Google Scholar. The search was broadly scoped, using key terms such as SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, etc. Results: The genomic characterization of SARS-CoV-2, drugs, and their potential mechanisms used in humans to inhibit the SARS-CoV-2 were tabulated. Moreover, twenty-five clinical researches carried out against COVID-19 infection were also tabulated in this study. Preventive measures such as chemical disinfectants and increasing test capacity were also discussed. Conclusion: The current study provides a snapshot of the overview of the SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19. The findings suggested the effective preventive measures to halt the spread of SARS-CoV-2 and develop a better vaccine. The information from this review study also aids in early preparations for future pandemic outbreaks.
Soudabeh Sabetian; Bahia Namavar Jahromi; Farnia Feiz; Isabella Castiglioni; Claudia Cava; Sina Vakili
Abstract
Background: The coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19), caused by a severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is now spread worldwide. Therefore, informative and reliable data related to the exact effects of COVID-19 on fertility and pregnancy is still of great interest until the ...
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Background: The coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19), caused by a severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is now spread worldwide. Therefore, informative and reliable data related to the exact effects of COVID-19 on fertility and pregnancy is still of great interest until the pandemic is declared over. General guidelines regarding the protection and management of COVID-19 have been published and new information will continue to be updated daily.
Methods: In this review, we summarized clinical health guidelines for reproductive and infertility centers to improve quality management in assisted reproductive technology and minimize the potentially harmful consequences of COVID-19 on pregnancy and fertility.
Results: As specified in the literature, protocols consist of five categories, including protocols for couples, protocols for women, protocols for men, labor and delivery, and postpartum and breastfeeding.
Conclusion: General protocols for patients and staff may vary depending on specific conditions. However, this review provides some rules to ensure their safety against the disease during the pandemic.
Mohammad-Rafi Bazrafshan; Maasumeh Elahi
Abstract
Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), a cluster of acute respiratory illness with unknown causes, occurred in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China since December 2019(1). COVID-19, a contagious disease, has spread all around the globe. It has affected almost every country on the planet (2). COVID-19 was declared ...
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Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), a cluster of acute respiratory illness with unknown causes, occurred in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China since December 2019(1). COVID-19, a contagious disease, has spread all around the globe. It has affected almost every country on the planet (2). COVID-19 was declared as a pandemic on January 30, 2020 by WHO(3). This rapid growth in the number of infected people has enforced every country to take appropriate actions to control this disease(3). The most effective way to stop COVID-19 that human being had used to battle epidemics for hundreds of years is quarantine or isolation(4). Quarantine separates and restricts the movement of people who were exposed to a contagious disease to see if they become sick. This definition differs from isolation, which is the separation of sick people with a contagious disease from people who are not sick. The two terms are often used interchangeably, especially in communication with the public(5). In recent outbreak of COVID-19, many countries have taken various kinds of quarantine measures to slow down the explosive spread of COVID-19. Effective and reasonable quarantine appears to be able to slow the spread of the virus until research finds an effective medical treatment(4).The quarantine is proven to be effective against the disease, but there are some side effects which includes the effect on human psychology and world economic crisis(6). Findings of the study conducted by Nelson et al. indicated that mental health symptoms were currently elevated compared to historical norms, and that variation in these symptoms were associated with COVID-19 concern when compared to epidemiological data signifying objective risk. Loss of employment is associated with greater depressive symptoms and COVID-19 concern, and both anxiety symptoms and psychological concern about COVID-19 were the strongest predictors of self-quarantine behavior(7). Under such circumstances, vulnerable people may turn to ineffective defense mechanisms such as smoking, alcohol, and drugs to relieve their psychological pain(8). Therefore, although the pandemic threatens everyone, it is a particularly high risk to people with alcohol and drug use disorders. In fact, studies show that even the fear of job loss can increase the consumption of alcohol, tobacco and prescription drugs. Those who are unemployed are much likely to use drugs or alcohol and develop substance use disorders. Those in recovery are also more likely to return to substance use, and job loss is a substantial trigger for relapse(9, 10). Also, due to COVID-19 outbreak and quarantine, the psychiatric sessions and counseling of these people may be interrupted. Therefore, there is an urgent need to address the mental health issues of substance users during the Novel Coronavirus Disease pandemic and it is necessary to consider measures to prevent the occurrence and return of addictive behaviors. Conflicts of interest: Nothing to declare.
