Document Type : Original Articles
Authors
1 Hormozgan Environmental and Occupational Health Engineering Research Center- Hormozgan University of medical sciences Bandar Abbas Health Care center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences
2 Instructor of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran.
3 Hormozgan Environmental and Occupational Health Engineering Research Center- Hormozgan University of medical sciences Environmental Health Engineering Dept, faculty of health, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences
4 Hormozgan Environmental and Occupational Health Engineering Research Center- Hormozgan University of medical sciences
Abstract
Background: Pre-chlorination of raw water containing natural organic matters may lead to forming harmful disinfection by-products such as trihalomethanes (THMs), the measurement of which needs expensive advanced analytical instruments. This study was conducted to anticipate THMs formation potential in Bandar Abbas drinking water system using cheap and simple experiments and a mathematical model. Methods: In a 24 week sampling program, 96 samples were collected weekly from raw water (RW), clarification (CE), filtration (FE), and disinfection effluent (DE). After measuring the Dissolved Organic Carbon (DOC), residual chlorine, contact time, temperature and pH of water, THMs concentration was calculated using a mathematical model. Results: The means of DOC concentration in RW, CE, FE and DE were 5.56, 4.21, 3.50, and 3.01 (mg/l), respectively. The mean of temperature values varied from 22.28 in RW to 21.25 in DE and the mean of pH variations was measured from 6.75 in DE to 8.37 in CE. Also, the mean of residual chlorine concentration was 0.0 to 1.72 in RW and DE, respectively. Conclusion: The means of calculated THMs were 37.92±4.82μg/l, 51.15±9.44μg/l, and 52.71±8.37μg/l for CE, FE, and DE respectively; this did not meet the related EPA standard (30- 40μg/l); therefore, further detailed studies should be conducted to resolve the consumers’ concerns in this regard.
Keywords
- Sharp EL, Jarvis P, Parsons SA , Jefferson B. Impact
- of fractional character on the coagulation of NOM.
- Colloids Surf A 2006; 286(1-3): 104-11.
- Fabris R, Chow CW, Drikas M, Eikebrokk B.
- Comparison of NOM character in selected Australian
- and Norwegian drinking waters. Water Res 2008;
- (15): 4188-96.
- Di Cristo C, Esposito G, Leopardi A. Modelling
- trihalomethanes formation in water supply systems.
- Environ Technol 2013; 34(1-4): 61-70.
- Mahvi AH, Alipour V, Rezaei L. Atmospheric
- moisture condensation to water recovery by home air
- conditioners. American Journal of Applied Sciences
- ; 10(8): 917-23.
- Hong HC, Liang Y, Han BP, Mazumder A, Wong
- MH. Modeling of trihalomethane (THM) formation
- via chlorination of the water from Dongjiang River
- (source water for Hong Kongâs drinking water). Sci
- Total Environ 2007; 385(1-3): 48-54.
- Richardson SD, Plewa MJ, Wagner ED, Schoeny
- R, Demarini DM. Occurrence, genotoxicity and
- carcinogenicity of regulated and emerging disinfection
- by-products in drinking water: A review and roadmap
- for research. Mutation Res 2007; 636(1-3): 178-242.
- Pals JA, Ang JK, Wagner ED, Plewa MJ. Biological
- mechanism fro the toxicity of haloacetic acid drinking
- water disinfection byproducts. Environ Sci Technol
- ; 45(13): 5791-7.
- Villanueva CM, Cantor KP, Cordier S, Jaakkola JJ,
- King WD, Lynch CF, et al. Disinfection by products
- and bladder cancer: a pooled analysis. Epidemiology
- ; 15(3): 357-67.
- Zazouli MA, Nasseri S, Mahvi AH, Mesdaghinia AR,
- Gholami M. Study of Natural Organic Matter Fractions
- in Water Sources of Tehran. Pak J Biol Sci 2007; 10(10):
- -22.
- Singh KP1, Rai P, Pandey P, Sinha S. Modeling and
- optimization of trihalomethanes formation potential
- of surface water (a drinking water source) using Boxâ
- Behnken design. Environ Sci Pollut Res 2012; 19(1):
- -27.
- Rizzo L, Selcuk H, Nikolaou A, Belgiorno V, Bekbolet
- M, Meric S. Formation of chlorinated organics in
- drinking water of Istanbul (Turkey) and Salerno (Italy).
- Glob NEST J 2005; 7(1): 95-105.
- Krasner SW, Croue JP, Buffle J, Perdue EM. Three
- Approaches for Characterizing NOM. JAWWA 1996;
- (6): 66-79.
- Kim HC, Yu MJ. Characterization of natural organic
- matter in conventional water treatment processes for
- selection of t reatment p rocesses focused on DBPs
- control. Water Res 2005; 39(19): 4779-89.
- Chowdhury S, Rodriguez MJ, Sadiq R. Disinfection
- by products in Canadian provinces: Associated cancer
- risks and medical expenses. J Hazard Mater 2011;
- (1-3): 574-84.
- Al-Omari A, Fayyad M, Qader AA. Modeling
- trihalomethane formation for Jabal Amman water
- supply in Jordan. Earth Environ Sci 2005; 9: 245-52.
- Chow A, Tanji K, Gao S. Production of dissolved
- organic carbon (DOC) and trihalomethane (THM)
- precursor from peat soils. Water Res 2003; 37(18):
- -85.
- Sadiq R, Rodrssiguez MJ. Disinfection byproducts
- (DBPs) in drinking water and predictive models for
- their occurrence: a review. Total Environ Sci 2004;
- : 21-46.
- Mazloomi S, Nabizadh R, Nasseri S, Naddafi K,
- Nazmara S, Mahvi AH. Efficiency of domestic reverse
- osmosis in removal of trihalomethanes from drinking
- water. Iran J Environ Health Sci Eng 2009; 6(4): 301-6.
- Speight VL, Singer PC. Association between residual
- chlorine loss and HAA reduction in distribution
- systems. J Am Water Works Assoc 2005; 97: 82-91.
- Uyak V, Toroz I, Meric S. Monitoring and modeling of
- trihalomethanes (THMs) for a water treatment plant in
- Istanbul. Desalination 2005; 176: 91-101.
- Westerhoff P, Debroux J, Amy GL, Gatel D, Mary V,
- Cavard J. Applying DBP models to full-scale plants.
- JAWWA 2000; 92(3): 89-102.
- Rodriguez MJ, Serodes J, Morin M. Estimation of water
- utility compliance withtrihalomethane regulations
- using a modelling approach. Aqua Colchester 2000;
- (2): 57-73.
- Sung W, Matthews BR, OâDay K, Horrigan K.
- Modeling DBP formation. JAWWA 2000; 92(5): 53-63.
- Chang EE, Lin PY, Chiang PC. Effects of bromide on the formation of THMs and HAAs. Chemosphere
- ; 43: 1029-34.
- Sohn J, Amy G, Cho J, Leed Y, Yoon Y. Disinfectant
- decay and disinfection by-products formation model
- development: chlorination and ozonation by-products.
- Water Res 2004; 38: 2461-78.
- Sun F, Chen J, Tong Q, Zeng S. Development and
- identification of an integrated waterworks model for
- trihalomethanes simulation. Sci Total Environ 2009;
- : 2077-86.
- Ye B, Wang W, Yang L, Wei J, E X. Factors influencing
- disinfection by-products formation in drinking water of
- six cities in China. J Hazard Mater 2009; 171: 147-52.
- Abdullah MP, Yew CH, Ramli MSB. Formation,
- modeling and validation of trihalomethanes (THM) in
- Malaysian drinking water: a case study in the districts
- of Tampin, Negeri Sembilan and Sabak Bernam,
- Selangor, Malaysia. Water Res 2003; 37(19): 4637-44.
- Chowdhury S, Champagne P. An investigation on
- parameters for modeling THMs formation. Glob NEST
- J 2008; 10(1): 80-91.
- Wang H, Liu DM, Zhao Z, Cui F, Zhu Q, Liu TM. factors
- influencing the formation of chlorination brominated
- trihalomethanes in drinking water. J Zhejiang Univ-Sci
- A (Appl Phys & Eng) 2010; 11(2): 143-50.
- Zazouli MA, Nasseri S, Mahvi AH, Mesdaghinia AR.
- Organic carbon concentrations and potential formation
- of disinfectant by-products in Tehran drinking water
- distribution networks. Scientific Journal of School of
- Public Health and Institute of Public Health Research
- ; 7(3): 51-9.
- Jung CW, Son HJ. The relationship between disinfection
- by-products formation and characteristics of natural
- organic matter in raw water. Korean J Chem Eng 2008;
- (4): 714-20.
- Pourmoghaddas H, Stevans AA. Relationship between
- trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids with total organic
- halogen during chlorination. Water Res 1995; 29:
- -62.
- Brinkman B, Hozalski RM. Temporal Variation of
- NOM and Effects on Membrane Treatment. JAWWA
- ; 103(2): 98-105.
- EPA. JOINT POSITION STATEMENT Trihalomethanes
- in Drinking Water November 2011. Office of Water.
- Environmental Protection Agency 2011.
)