Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran

2 School of Human Nutrition, McGill University, Montreal, Canada

3 Laparoscopy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran

4 Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA

5 Cancer Prevention and Control Program, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA

6 School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

7 Sepidan Bagherololoom health Higher Education Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran

Abstract

Background : Inflammation, a risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD), is affected by diet.Dietary inflammatory index (DII) is used to determine inflammation of diet. In addition, Neck circumference (NC), an indicator for upper-body subcutaneous adipose tissue distribution, is related to cardiovascular risk factors. This study aimed to examine the correlation between DII and NC in a nationally representative sample case and control.
Methods: In this cross-sectional study, the case group was chronic heart disease patients hospitalized in Al-Zahra Heart Clinic, Shiraz, Iran (N = 100). The Control group did not suffer from any heart-related diseases. Dietary intake data were determined using a single interview and food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). NC was assessed using standard methods. Nutritionist-4 software was used to analyze nutrient intakes from FFQ. The method of Shivappa et al. was used to calculate DII.
Results: The mean of NC in the case and control group were 39.09±4.18 and 36.68±4.32 cm. The mean of DII in the case and control groups were -0.018±1.53 and 0.40±155. There was no significant difference between the DII score of the case and control groups (p:0.056, t:-1.922). No significant correlation was observed between DII score and NC in the case(p:0.750,r:0.032) and control(p:0.294,r:0.106) groups.
Conclusion: There was no correlation between DII score as a risk factor for CVD and NC in both case and control groups.

Keywords

1. Libby P. Inflammatory mechanisms: the molecular basis of inflammation and disease. Nutrition reviews. 2007;65(suppl_3):S140-S6.
2. Lee H, Lee IS, Choue R. Obesity, inflammation and diet. Pediatric gastroenterology, hepatology & nutrition. 2013;16(3):143-52.
3. Wirth MD, Hébert JR, Shivappa N, Hand GA, Hurley TG, Drenowatz C, et al. Anti-inflammatory Dietary Inflammatory Index scores are associated with healthier scores on other dietary indices. Nutrition research. 2016;36(3):214-9.
4. Haghighat N, Mohammadshahi M, Shayanpour S, Haghighizadeh MH. Effects of synbiotics and probiotics supplementation on serum levels of endotoxin, heat shock protein 70 antibodies and inflammatory markers in hemodialysis patients: A randomized double-blinded controlled trial. Probiotics and antimicrobial proteins. 2020;12(1):144-51.
5. Ahluwalia N, Andreeva VA, Kesse-Guyot E, Hercberg S. Dietary patterns, inflammation and the metabolic syndrome. Diabetes & metabolism. 2013;39(2):99-110.
6. Shivappa N, Steck SE, Hurley TG, Hussey JR, Hébert JR. Designing and developing a literature-derived, population-based dietary inflammatory index. Public health nutrition. 2014;17(8):1689-96.
7. Haghighat N, Mohammadshahi M, Shayanpour S, Haghighizadeh MH. Effect of synbiotic and probiotic supplementation on serum levels of endothelial cell adhesion molecules in hemodialysis patients: A randomized control study. Probiotics and antimicrobial proteins. 2019;11(4):1210-8.
8. Famodu OA, Barr ML, Colby SE, Zhou W, Holásková I, Leary MP, et al. Neck circumference positively relates to cardiovascular risk factors in college students. International journal of environmental research and public health. 2018;15(7):1480.
9. Logue J, Murray HM, Welsh P, Shepherd J, Packard C, Macfarlane P, et al. Obesity is associated with fatal coronary heart disease independently of traditional risk factors and deprivation. Heart. 2011;97(7):564-8.
10. Ben-Noun LL, Laor A. Relationship between changes in neck circumference and cardiovascular risk factors. Experimental & Clinical Cardiology. 2006;11(1):14.
11. Haghighat N, Ashtary-Larky D, Bagheri R, Mahmoodi M, Rajaei M, Alipour M, et al. The effect of 12 weeks of euenergetic high-protein diet in regulating appetite and body composition of women with normal-weight obesity: a randomised controlled trial. British Journal of Nutrition. 2020;124(10):1044-51.
12. Fitch KV, Stanley TL, Looby SE, Rope AM, Grinspoon SK. Relationship between neck circumference and cardiometabolic parameters in HIV-infected and non–HIV-infected adults. Diabetes care. 2011;34(4):1026-31.
13. Preis SR, Massaro JM, Hoffmann U, D'Agostino Sr RB, Levy D, Robins SJ, et al. Neck circumference as a novel measure of cardiometabolic risk: the Framingham Heart study. The journal of clinical endocrinology & metabolism. 2010;95(8):3701-10.
14. Koppad AK, Kaulgud RS, Arun B. A study of correlation of neck circumference with Framingham risk score as a predictor of coronary artery disease. Journal of clinical and diagnostic research: JCDR. 2017;11(9):OC17.
15. Dai Y, Wan X, Li X, Jin E, Li X. Neck circumference and future cardiovascular events in a high-risk population—A prospective cohort study. Lipids in health and disease. 2016;15(1):1-9.
16. Kord VH, Rahmani J, Tajik S, Zarezadeh M, Nazari A, Fatahi S. Association between dietary inflammatory index with obesity in women referred to health centers affiliated to Tehran University of Medical Sciences. 2017.
17. Kim Y, Chen J, Wirth MD, Shivappa N, Hebert JR. Lower dietary inflammatory index scores are associated with lower glycemic index scores among college students. Nutrients. 2018;10(2):182.
18. Muhammad HFL, van Baak MA, Mariman EC, Sulistyoningrum DC, Huriyati E, Lee YY, et al. Dietary inflammatory index score and its association with body weight, blood pressure, lipid profile, and leptin in Indonesian adults. Nutrients. 2019;11(1):148.
19. Hosseini-Esfahani F, Asghari G, Mirmiran P, Jalali Farahani S, Azizi F. Reproducibility and relative validity of food group intake in a food frequency questionnaire developed for the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study. Razi Journal of Medical Sciences. 2010;17(71):41-55.
20. Ruiz-Canela M, Zazpe I, Shivappa N, Hébert JR, Sánchez-Tainta A, Corella D, et al. Dietary inflammatory index and anthropometric measures of obesity in a population sample at high cardiovascular risk from the PREDIMED (PREvencion con DIeta MEDiterranea) trial. British journal of nutrition. 2015;113(6):984-95.
21. Ramallal R, Toledo E, Martínez JA, Shivappa N, Hébert JR, Martínez‐González MA, et al. Inflammatory potential of diet, weight gain, and incidence of overweight/obesity: The SUN cohort. Obesity. 2017;25(6):997-1005.
22. Alam I, Shivappa N, Hebert JR, Pawelec G, Larbi A. Relationships between the inflammatory potential of the diet, aging and anthropometric measurements in a cross-sectional study in Pakistan. Nutrition and healthy aging. 2018;4(4):335-43.
23. Correa-Rodríguez M, Rueda-Medina B, González-Jiménez E, Correa-Bautista JE, Ramírez-Vélez R, Schmidt-RioValle J. Dietary inflammatory index, bone health and body composition in a population of young adults: a cross-sectional study. International journal of food sciences and nutrition. 2018;69(8):1013-9.
24. Bastard J-P, Maachi M, Lagathu C, Kim MJ, Caron M, Vidal H, et al. Recent advances in the relationship between obesity, inflammation, and insulin resistance. European cytokine network. 2006;17(1):4-12.
25. Bray GA, Bouchard C. Handbook of Obesity: Clinical Applications: Taylor & Francis; 2003.
26. Després J-P, Lemieux I, Bergeron J, Pibarot P, Mathieu P, Larose E, et al. Abdominal obesity and the metabolic syndrome: contribution to global cardiometabolic risk. Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology. 2008;28(6):1039-49.
27. Ashwell M. Obesity in men and women. International journal of obesity and related metabolic disorders: journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity. 1994;18:S1.
28. Pouliot M-C, Després J-P, Lemieux S, Moorjani S, Bouchard C, Tremblay A, et al. Waist circumference and abdominal sagittal diameter: best simple anthropometric indexes of abdominal visceral adipose tissue accumulation and related cardiovascular risk in men and women. The American journal of cardiology. 1994;73(7):460-8.
29. Gallagher D, Visser M, Sepulveda D, Pierson RN, Harris T, Heymsfield SB. How useful is body mass index for comparison of body fatness across age, sex, and ethnic groups? American journal of epidemiology. 1996;143(3):228-39.
30. Haghighat N, Kazemi A, Asbaghi O, Jafarian F, Moeinvaziri N, Hosseini B, et al. Long-term effect of bariatric surgery on body composition in patients with morbid obesity: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical Nutrition. 2021;40(4):1755-66.
31. Haghighat N, Ashtari-Larky D, Aghakhani L, Asbaghi O, Hoseinpour H, Hosseini B, et al. How Does Fat Mass Change in the First Year After Bariatric Surgery? A Systemic Review and Meta-Analysis. Obesity Surgery. 2021:1-23.
32. Ben‐Noun L, Sohar E, Laor A. Neck circumference as a simple screening measure for identifying overweight and obese patients. Obesity research. 2001;9(8):470-7.
33. Hingorjo MR, Qureshi MA, Mehdi A. Neck circumference as a useful marker of obesity: a comparison with body mass index and waist circumference. JPMA-Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association. 2012;62(1):36.
34. Ben-Noun L, Laor A. Relationship between changes in neck circumference and changes in blood pressure. American journal of hypertension. 2004;17(5):409-14.
35. Özkaya İ, Tunçkale A. Neck circumference positively related with central obesity and overweight in Turkish university students: a preliminary study. Central European journal of public health. 2016;24(2):91-4.
36. Ataie-Jafari A, Namazi N, Djalalinia S, Chaghamirzayi P, Abdar ME, Zadehe SS, et al. Neck circumference and its association with cardiometabolic risk factors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetology & metabolic syndrome. 2018;10(1):1-34.
37. Liang J, Teng F, Liu X, Zou C, Wang Y, Dou L, et al. Synergistic effects of neck circumference and metabolic risk factors on insulin resistance: the Cardiometabolic Risk in Chinese (CRC) study. Diabetology & metabolic syndrome. 2014;6(1):116.
38. Silva CdCd, Zambon MP, Vasques ACJ, Rodrigues AMdB, Camilo DF, Antonio MÂR, et al. Neck circumference as a new anthropometric indicator for prediction of insulin resistance and components of metabolic syndrome in adolescents: Brazilian Metabolic Syndrome Study. Revista Paulista de Pediatria. 2014;32:221-9.
39. Zhang Y, Wu H, Xu Y, Qin H, Lan C, Wang W. The correlation between neck circumference and risk factors in patients with hypertension: What matters. Medicine. 2020;99(47).
40. Hiza HA, Casavale KO, Guenther PM, Davis CA. Diet quality of Americans differs by age, sex, race/ethnicity, income, and education level. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. 2013;113(2):297-306.
41. Hsiao PY, Mitchell D, Coffman D, Allman R, Locher J, Sawyer P, et al. Dietary patterns and diet quality among diverse older adults: the University of Alabama at Birmingham Study of Aging. The journal of nutrition, health & aging. 2013;17(1):19-25.