Document Type : Original Article
Authors
- Armita Farid 1
- Setayesh Sotoudehnia Korani 2
- Ali Rezazadeh Roudkoli 2
- Niloofaralsadat Noorian 3
- Seyedeh Maryam Mousavinezhad 4
- Zahra Mohajeri 5
- Mohamadmostafa Jahansouz 6
- Padideh Daneii 5
- Farzin Ghiasi 7
- Arian Tabesh 8
- Sina Neshat 9
1 School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
2 School of Medicine, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Hormozgan, Iran
3 School of Medicine, Azad University of Najafabad, Isfahan, Iran
4 School of Medicine, Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahwaz, Iran
5 School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
6 Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
7 Department of Internal Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
8 Independent Researcher, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
9 Researcher, San Pablo Rd, Jacksonville, Florida, United States of America
Abstract
Background: Smartphones and other electronic devices have become a large part of our day-to-day lives, and their influence on our lifestyle is not a matter anyone can disregard. This study evaluates the association between the smartphone addiction scale (SAS) and the Apnea-Hypopnea Index (AHI) with adjustment for possible confounders.
Methods: Sixty patients of a sleep clinic with recent polysomnography results (< 6 months) who were referred to evaluate for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) were included in the study. The participants' demographic data such as body mass index (BMI), age, gender, and educational level were collected. Participants were then asked to complete the SAS. AHIs of the study participants were extracted from their polysomnography reports.
Results: Multivariable analysis revealed no significant association between SAS and AHI after adjustment for demographic variables (beta = 0.006, 95% CI = -0.022 to 0.033, P-value = 0.678). Age was a substantial confounder of the association (beta of SAS after adjusting = 0.009).
Conclusion: Smartphone use does not affect the risk of OSA as determined by AHI when adjusted for age.
Keywords
- Mannarino MR, Di Filippo F, Pirro M. Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Eur J Intern Med. Oct 2012;23(7):586-93. doi:10.1016/j.ejim.2012.05.013
- Senaratna CV, Perret JL, Lodge CJ, et al. Prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea in the general population: A systematic review. Sleep Med Rev. Aug 2017;34:70-81. doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2016.07.002
- Gilat H, Vinker S, Buda I, Soudry E, Shani M, Bachar G. Obstructive sleep apnea and cardiovascular comorbidities: a large epidemiologic study. Medicine (Baltimore). Aug 2014;93(9):e45. doi:10.1097/md.0000000000000045
- Demir YP, Sumer MM. Effects of smartphone overuse on headache, sleep and quality of life in migraine patients. Neurosciences (Riyadh). Apr 2019;24(2):115-121. doi:10.17712/nsj.2019.2.20180037
- Mustafaoglu R, Yasaci Z, Zirek E, Griffiths MD, Ozdincler AR. The relationship between smartphone addiction and musculoskeletal pain prevalence among young population: a cross-sectional study. Korean J Pain. Jan 1 2021;34(1):72-81. doi:10.3344/kjp.2021.34.1.72
- Yang J, Fu X, Liao X, Li Y. Association of problematic smartphone use with poor sleep quality, depression, and anxiety: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychiatry Res. Feb 2020;284:112686. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2019.112686
- Kheradmand A, Amir Latifi ES, Sohrabi MR, Mazaheri Meybodi A. Validation of the Persian Smartphone Addiction Scale Among Tehran University Students, Iran. International journal of high risk behaviors and addiction. 2019;8(1).
- Arik B, Inci MF, Gumus C, et al. Advanced age and apnea-hypopnea index predict subclinical atherosclerosis in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Multidiscip Respir Med. Feb 6 2013;8(1):9. doi:10.1186/2049-6958-8-9
- Medicine AAoS. International classification of sleep disorders. Diagnostic and coding manual. 2005:51-55.
- Rezaie L, Maazinezhad S, Fogelberg DJ, Khazaie H, Sadeghi-Bahmani D, Brand S. Compared to Individuals with Mild to Moderate Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA), Individuals with Severe OSA Had Higher BMI and Respiratory-Disturbance Scores. Life (Basel). Apr 21 2021;11(5)doi:10.3390/life11050368
- Bradley TD, Floras JS. Obstructive sleep apnoea and its cardiovascular consequences. Lancet. Jan 3 2009;373(9657):82-93. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(08)61622-0
- Ma Z, Wang J, Li J, Jia Y. The association between obesity and problematic smartphone use among school-age children and adolescents: a cross-sectional study in Shanghai. BMC Public Health. Nov 11 2021;21(1):2067. doi:10.1186/s12889-021-12124-6
- Ahmed HO, Hama Marif MA, sabah abid a, et al. The life styles causing overweight or obesity: Based on 5 years of experience in two centers in Sulaimani Governorate, Kurdistan Region/Iraq. International Journal of Surgery Open. 2018/01/01/ 2018;11:22-29. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijso.2018.04.002
- Reddy EV, Kadhiravan T, Mishra HK, et al. Prevalence and risk factors of obstructive sleep apnea among middle-aged urban Indians: a community-based study. Sleep Med. Sep 2009;10(8):913-8. doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2008.08.011
- Romero-Corral A, Caples SM, Lopez-Jimenez F, Somers VK. Interactions between obesity and obstructive sleep apnea: implications for treatment. Chest. Mar 2010;137(3):711-9. doi:10.1378/chest.09-0360
- Chen JK, Wu WC. Reciprocal Relationships between Sleep Problems and Problematic Smartphone Use in Taiwan: Cross-Lagged Panel Study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. Jul 12 2021;18(14)doi:10.3390/ijerph18147438
- Dhamija S, Shailaja B, Chaudhari B, Chaudhury S, Saldanha D. Prevalence of smartphone addiction and its relation with sleep disturbance and low self- esteem among medical college students. Ind Psychiatry J. Oct 2021;30(Suppl 1):S189-s194. doi:10.4103/0972-6748.328813
- Zhang C, Zeng P, Tan J, et al. Relationship of Problematic Smartphone Use, Sleep Quality, and Daytime Fatigue Among Quarantined Medical Students During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Front Psychiatry. 2021;12:755059. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.755059
- Mano M, Hoshino T, Sasanabe R, et al. Impact of Gender and Age on Rapid Eye Movement-Related Obstructive Sleep Apnea: A Clinical Study of 3234 Japanese OSA Patients. Int J Environ Res Public Health. Mar 25 2019;16(6)doi:10.3390/ijerph16061068
- Jeon B, Sereika SM, Callan JA, Luyster FS, DiNardo MM, Chasens ER. Age-Related Differences in Mood, Diabetes-Related Distress, and Functional Outcomes in Adults With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Comorbid Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Insomnia. Diabetes Educ. Dec 2020;46(6):540-551. doi:10.1177/0145721720958396
- Agudelo C, Ramos AR, Williams NJ, Wallace DM. Do symptoms of sleepiness and insomnia in US veterans with obstructive sleep apnea vary by age? Sleep Breath. Mar 2020;24(1):159-166. doi:10.1007/s11325-019-01845-z
- Wickord LC, Quaiser-Pohl C. Psychopathological Symptoms and Personality Traits as Predictors of Problematic Smartphone Use in Different Age Groups. Behav Sci (Basel). Jan 25 2022;12(2)doi:10.3390/bs12020020
)