Journal of Health Sciences & Surveillance System

Current Issue

By Issue

By Author

By Subject

Author Index

Keyword Index

About Journal

Aims and Scope

Editorial Board

Publication Ethics

Indexing and Abstracting

Related Links

FAQ

Peer Review Process

News

The Effect of Individuals’ Personality Traits on the Perceived Effort Assessed by Visual Analogue Scale: An Experimental Study

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 Research Center for Health Sciences, Institute of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran

2 Deputy Health Center, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran

3 Department of Industrial and Enterprise Systems Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana- Champaign, USA

4 Department of Psychology, School of Educational Sciences and Psychology, Islamic Azad University (Marvdasht Branch), Marvdasht, Iran

10.30476/jhsss.2024.101045.1861

Abstract

Background: This study aimed to examine the effect of individuals’ personality traits on the perceived effort.
Methods: This experimental study was conducted from October 2022 to December 2022 on 30 students using general health questionnaire (GHQ-28), Raven’s intelligence quotient (IQ) test, visual analogue scale (VAS), revised neuroticism, extraversion, openness to experience (NEO) personality inventory, and Jamar hand dynamometer (JHD).
Results: A significant positive correlation was found between the exerted force to the JHD (EF-JHD) and perceived effort rated on horizontal VAS (PE-H/VAS) and vertical VAS (PE-V/VAS) in the individuals with low levels of ‘neuroticism’. Considering ‘extraversion’ and ‘agreeableness’ factors of the NEO test, the correlation coefficient between EF-JHD, and PE-H/VAS and PE-V/VAS was higher in the individuals with medium levels compared to those with high levels. This relationship was reverse for the ‘openness to experience’ and ‘conscientiousness’ factors. The results demonstrated a significant strong positive correlation between PE-H/VAS and PE-V/VAS (r=0.97). Multiple linear regression analysis revealed a moderate positive correlation between EF-JHD and PE-H/VAS and between EF-JHD and PE-V/VAS.
Conclusion: Individuals’ personality traits are recommended to be considered in assessing the perceived effort by VAS.

Highlights

Hadi Daneshmandi (Google Scholar)

Alireza Choobineh (Google Scholar)

Keywords

References
  1. Flynn D, van Schaik P, van Wersch A. A comparison of multi-item Likert and visual analogue scales for the assessment of transactionally defined coping function. J Psychol Assess. 2004;20(1):49. doi:10.1027/1015-5759.20.1.49.
  2. Wewers ME, Lowe NK. A critical review of visual analogue scales in the measurement of clinical phenomena. Res Nurs Health. 1990;13(4):227-36. doi: 10.1002/nur.4770130405. PMID: 2197679.
  3. Schwenk W, Mall J, Neudecker J, Müller J. One visual analogue pain score is sufficient after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Br J Surg. 2002;89(1):114-5. doi: 10.1046/j.0007-1323.2001.01980.x. PMID: 11851675.
  4. Van Kampen M, De Weerdt W, Van Poppel H, De Ridder D, Feys H, Baert L. Effect of pelvic-floor re-education on duration and degree of incontinence after radical prostatectomy: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2000;355(9198):98-102. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(99)03473-X. PMID: 10675166.
  5. O'bichere A, Wilkinson K, Rumbles S, Norton C, Green C, Phillips R. Functional outcome after restorative panproctocolectomy for ulcerative colitis decreases an otherwise enhanced quality of life. Br J Surg. 2000;87(6):802-7. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2168.2000.01404.x. PMID: 10848862.
  6. Bernhard J, Sullivan M, Hürny C, Coates A, Rudenstam C. Clinical relevance of single item quality of life indicators in cancer clinical trials. Br J Cancer. 2001;84(9):1156. doi: 10.1054/bjoc.2001.1785. PMID: 11336464; PMCID: PMC2363885.
  7. Sloan JA, Loprinzi CL, Kuross SA, Miser AW, O'Fallon JR, Mahoney MR, et al. Randomized comparison of four tools measuring overall quality of life in patients with advanced cancer. J Clin Oncol. 1998;16(11):3662-73. doi: 10.1200/JCO.1998.16.11.3662. PMID: 9817289.
  8. Gift AG. Visual analogue scales: measurement of subjective phenomena. Nurs Res. 1989;38(5):286-7. PMID: 2678015.
  9. Hayes M. Experimental development of the graphics rating method. Psychol Bull. 1921;18:98-9.
  10. Atiken R. Measurements of feelings using visual analogue scale. Proc R Soc Med. 1969;62:989-93. PMID: 4899510; PMCID: PMC1810824.
  11. Flaherty S. Pain measurement tools for clinical practice and research. AANA J. 1996;64(2):133-40. PMID: 9095685.
  12. Finch E, Brooks D, Stratford P, Mayo N. Physical rehabilitation outcome measures: a guide to enhanced clinical decision making. 2nd ed. Hamilton, Ont: BC Decker; 2002.
  13. Reips UD. How internet-mediated research changes science. In: Barak A, editor. Psychological aspects of cyberspace: Theory, research, applications. Cambridge: University Press; 2008.
  14. Bond M, Pilowsky I. Subjective assessment of pain and its relationship to the administration of analgesics in patients with advanced cancer. J Psychosom Res. 1966;10(2):203-8. doi: 10.1016/0022-3999(66)90064-x. PMID: 4165548.
  15. Zusman M. The absolute visual analogue scale (AVAS) as a measure of pain intensity. Aust J Physiother. 1986;32(4):244-6. doi: 10.1016/S0004-9514(14)60658-9. PMID: 25025223.
  16. De Boer A, Van Lanschot J, Stalmeier P, Van Sandick J, Hulscher JB, De Haes J, et al. Is a single-item visual analogue scale as valid, reliable and responsive as multi-item scales in measuring quality of life? Qual Life Res. 2004;13(2):311-20. doi: 10.1023/B:QURE.0000018499.64574.1f. PMID: 15085903.
  17. Lesage F-X, Berjot S, Deschamps F. Clinical stress assessment using a visual analogue scale. Occup Med (Lond). 2012;62(8):600-5. PMID: 22965867.
  18. Ueda T, Nabetani T, Teramoto K. Differential perceived exertion measured using a new visual analogue scale during pedaling and running. J Physiol Anthropol. 2006;25(2):171-7. doi: 10.2114/jpa2.25.171. PMID: 16679714.
  19. Grant S, Aitchison T, Henderson E, Christie J, Zare S, Mc Murray J, et al. A comparison of the reproducibility and the sensitivity to change of visual analogue scales, Borg scales, and Likert scales in normal subjects during submaximal exercise. Chest. 1999;116(5):1208-17. doi: 10.1378/chest.116.5.1208. PMID: 10559077.
  20. Peet M, Ellis S, Yates R. The effect of level of depression on the use of visual analogue scales by normal volunteers. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1981;12(2):171-8. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.1981.tb01197.x. PMID: 7306432; PMCID: PMC1401874.
  21. Torrance GW, Feeny D, Furlong W. Visual analog scales: do they have a role in the measurement of preferences for health states? Med Decis Making. 2001;21(4):329-34. doi: 10.1177/0272989X0102100408. PMID: 11475389.
  22. Diener E, Lucas RE. Personality traits. In: Biswas-Diener R, Diener E, editors. Noba textbook series: Psychology. Champaign, IL: DEF publishers; 2018.
  23. Goodwin R, Engstrom G. Personality and the perception of health in the general population. Psychol Med. 2002;32(2):325-32. doi: 10.1017/s0033291701005104. PMID: 11866326.
  24. Daneshmandi H, Kee D, Kamalinia M, Oliaee M, Mohammadi H. An ergonomic intervention to relieve musculoskeletal symptoms of assembly line workers at an electronic parts manufacturer in Iran. Work. 2018;61(4):515-21. doi: 10.3233/WOR-182822. PMID: 30475781.
  25. Desouzart G, Matos R, Melo F, Filgueiras E. Effects of sleeping position on back pain in physically active seniors: A controlled pilot study. Work. 2015;53(2):235-40. doi: 10.3233/WOR-152243. PMID: 26835867.
  26. Erdinc O, Hot K, Ozkaya M. Turkish version of the Cornell Musculoskeletal Discomfort Questionnaire: Cross-cultural adaptation and validation. Work. 2011;39(3):251-60. doi: 10.3233/WOR-2011-1173. PMID: 21709361.
  27. Besharati A, Daneshmandi H, Zareh K, Fakherpour A, Zoaktafi M. Work-related musculoskeletal problems and associated factors among office workers. Int J Occup Saf Ergon. 2020;26(3):632-8. doi: 10.1080/10803548.2018.1501238. PMID: 30015596.
  28. Daneshmandi H, Choobineh A, Ghaem H, Alhamd M, Fakherpour A. The effect of musculoskeletal problems on fatigue and productivity of office personnel: a cross-sectional study. J Prev Med Hyg. 2017;58(3):252-58. PMID: 29123372; PMCID: PMC5668935.
  29. Daneshmandi H, Choobineh A, Ghaem H, Hejazi N. Proper sit–stand work schedule to reduce the negative outcomes of sedentary behavior: a randomized clinical trial. Int J Occup Saf Ergon. 2021;27(4):1039-1055. doi: 10.1080/10803548.2019.1679972. PMID: 31603033.
  30. Price DD, McGrath PA, Rafii A, Buckingham B. The validation of visual analogue scales as ratio scale measures for chronic and experimental pain. Pain. 1983;17(1):45-56. doi: 10.1016/0304-3959(83)90126-4. PMID: 6226917.
  31. World Medical Association (WMA). World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki. Retrieved March 15, 2013.
  32. Goldberg D. Manual of the general health questionnaire. Windsor: NFER Nelson; 1978.
  33. Noorbala A, Mohammad K. The validation of general health questionnaire-28 as a psychiatric screening tool. Hakim. 2009;11(4):47-53.
  34. Levine DW, Simmons BP, Koris MJ, Daltroy LH, Hohl GG, Fossel AH, et al. A self-administered questionnaire for the assessment of severity of symptoms and functional status in carpal tunnel syndrome. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1993;75(11):1585-92. doi: 10.2106/00004623-199311000-00002. PMID: 8245050.
  35. Bilker WB, Hansen JA, Brensinger CM, Richard J, Gur RE, Gur RC. Development of abbreviated nine-item forms of the Raven’s standard progressive matrices test. Assessment. 2012;19(3):354-69. doi: 10.1177/1073191112446655. PMID: 22605785; PMCID: PMC4410094.
  36. Raven JC. Mental tests used in genetic studies: The performance of related individuals on tests mainly educative and mainly reproductive. Unpublished master’s thesis, University of London. 1936.
  37. Rahmani J. The reliability and validity of Raven's Progressive Matrics test among the studentsof azad Khorasgan university. Knowledge & Research in Applied Psychology. 2008;0(34):61-74.
  38. Crossley KM, Bennell KL, Cowan SM, Green S. Analysis of outcome measures for persons with patellofemoral pain: which are reliable and valid? Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2004;85(5):815-22. doi: 10.1016/s0003-9993(03)00613-0. PMID: 15129407.
  39. Costa Jr PT, McCrae RR. Age differences in personality structure: A cluster analytic approach. J Gerontol. 1976;31(5):564-70. doi: 10.1093/geronj/31.5.564. PMID: 950450.
  40. McCrae RR, Costa PT. A contemplated revision of the NEO Five-Factor Inventory. Pers Individ Dif. 2004;36(3):587-96. doi:10.1016/S0191-8869(03)00118-1.
  41. Haghshenas H. Personality psychology. 2nd ed. Shiraz: Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Publication; 2014.
  42. Garousi farshi M. The new approach in personality assessment (Persian). 1st ed. Tabriz: Jameeh; 2001.
  43. Hand Grip Dynamometer. 2015. Available from: http://www.biometricsltd.com/hand-grip-dynamometer.htm.
  44. Wechsler D. The measurement and appraisal of adult intelligence. 4th ed. Baltimore, MD, US: Williams & Wilkins Co; 1958.
  45. Henry J. Creativity and perception in management. 1st ed. The Open University: SAGE Publications Ltd; 2001.
  46. Hinkle DE, Wiersma W, Jurs SG. Applied statistics for the behavioral sciences. 5th ed. Boston: Houghton Mifflin; 2003.
  47. Chiorri C, Garbarino S, Bracco F, Magnavita N. Personality traits moderate the effect of workload sources on perceived workload in flying column police officers. Front Psychol. 2015;6:1835. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01835. PMID: 26640456; PMCID: PMC4661321.
  48. Morgan WP. Psychological components of effort sense. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1994;26(9):1071-7. PMID: 7808238.
  49. Robertson R, Noble B. Perception of physical exertion: methods, mediators, and applications. Exerc Sport Sci Rev. 1997;25:407-52. PMID: 9213100.
  50. Gift A, Plaut S, Jacox A. Psychologic and physiologic factors related to dyspnea in subjects with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Heart Lung. 1986;15(6):595-601. PMID: 3639857.
  51. Scott J, Huskisson E. Vertical or horizontal visual analogue scales. Ann Rheum Dis. 1979;38(6):560. doi: 10.1136/ard.38.6.560. PMID: 317239; PMCID: PMC1000420.
  52. Yadollahi P, Khormaie F, Makvandi S, Soofi A, Ariashekouh A, Hashemifard T. The relationship between personality traits and labor pain intensity. International Journal of Community Based Nursing & Midwifery. 2013;1(4):224-9.
  53. Zheng T, Qu W, Ge Y, Sun X, Zhang K. The joint effect of personality traits and perceived stress on pedestrian behavior in a Chinese sample. PLoS one. 2017;12(11):e0188153. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188153. PMID: 29190750; PMCID: PMC5708679.
  54. Li KW, Yu R. Assessment of grip force and subjective hand force exertion under handedness and postural conditions. Appl Ergon. 2011;42(6):929-33. doi: 10.1016/j.apergo.2011.03.001. PMID: 21439549.
Journal of Health Sciences & Surveillance System
Volume 12, Issue 4
October 2024
Pages 443-452
Files
Share
How to cite
Statistics