Mohammad Reza Samaei; Mohammad hasan Ehrampoush; Hoshang Maleknia; Zahra Elhamiyan; Ebrahim Shahsavani; Asghar Ebrahimi
Volume 4, Issue 2 , April 2016, , Pages 83-88
Abstract
Background: Heavy metals have destructive and irreversible effects on the human, plants and animals. Some industries in Yazd enter industrial wastewater to municipal wastewater collection system. This can lead to high levels of heavy metals in wastewater and in turn in the wastewater treatment plant ...
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Background: Heavy metals have destructive and irreversible effects on the human, plants and animals. Some industries in Yazd enter industrial wastewater to municipal wastewater collection system. This can lead to high levels of heavy metals in wastewater and in turn in the wastewater treatment plant effluent. Methods: This study was carried out during four months from December 22, 2009 to May 20, 2010. The experiment was performed on the inflow, outlet of anaerobic pond and first and second facultative ponds of wastewater treatment plant and then transferred to the laboratory and measured by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Results: The results of the experiments showed that the average cadmium concentrations in the inflow, anaerobic pond outlet, and first and second facultative pond outlet were 0.0066, 0.0087, 0.0076, and 0.0083μg/l, respectively. The average amounts of chromium in the inflow, anaerobic pond outlet, and first and second facultative pond outlet were 0.0076, 0.0065, 0.0043, and 0.0056 μg/l, respectively. Cadmium concentration in the effluent was higher than standard. Conclusion: The comparison of the obtained data with Iranian standards for wastewater treatment for reuse in irrigation shows that the cadmium concentration exceeded the standard and the chromium concentration was lower than the standard. Therefore, it is not suitable for reuse in the crop farms and aquatic life.
Hamid Reza Zeinaddine; Afshin Ebrahimi; Vali Alipour; Leila Rezaei
Volume 1, Issue 2 , October 2013, , Pages 89-93
Abstract
Background: This study aimed to determine the efficiency of the intermittent cycle extended aeration system (ICEAS) and the removal conditions of treating contaminants, especially nitrogen phosphorus from sea shopping center wastewater.Methods: Experiment was carried out on fish distribution center of ...
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Background: This study aimed to determine the efficiency of the intermittent cycle extended aeration system (ICEAS) and the removal conditions of treating contaminants, especially nitrogen phosphorus from sea shopping center wastewater.Methods: Experiment was carried out on fish distribution center of Bandar Abbas and 30 samples were collected in a 6 month period from the inlet of the market septic tank. The used pilot study carried out consisted of two zones: pre-react and main react zones. They were divided using a baffle wall. Firstly, wastewater enters a pre-react zone and then through the opening at the bottom of the baffle wall it enters the main react zone. The experiment was carried out with three simultaneous cycles per day.Results: The results showed that the mean of BOD5, COD, phosphorus, and nitrate and nitrite removal was 91.5, 86.7, 59.5, 49, and 80.8 percent, respectively.Conclusion: It was shown that the system is able to remove nitrogen and phosphorus almost similar to other proprietary phosphorus removal processes and with lower cost; however, it is not a proprietary process.
majid nozari; Mohammad Reza Samaei; Mansooreh Dehghani
Volume 2, Issue 3 , July 2014, , Pages 113-124
Abstract
Background: Among Alkanes, N-Alkanes with medium chain have been identified as the most important contaminants of the soil. N-hexadecane (C16H34) with low solubility in water also belongs to this group and has been used by many researchers as a model contaminant. The present study aimed to investigate ...
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Background: Among Alkanes, N-Alkanes with medium chain have been identified as the most important contaminants of the soil. N-hexadecane (C16H34) with low solubility in water also belongs to this group and has been used by many researchers as a model contaminant. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of the external source of carbon (glucose) as co-substrate on removal of hexadecane from the soil.Methods: In this study, a Slurry Sequencing Batch Reactor (SSBR) was used as a pilot by a bacterial consortium, including bacterium Acinetobacter radioresistens, Bacillus subtilis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, in order to remove different concentrations of hexadecane (1,4,7, and 10 percent).Sampling was performed four times during the sedimentation step. Then, the samples were analyzed by GC-FID and the results were analyzed statistically.Results: The results showed that hexadecane removal (%) by the microbial consortium was higher in lower initial concentrations in such a way that the biological removal of hexadecane was respectively 45.95%, 38.55%, 34.39%, and 32.40% in the concentrations of 1%, 4%, 7%, and 10% on the third day. Moreover, adding the external carbon source (glucose) on the first day caused a 16% increase in hexadecane removal, which is 1.4 times more than the amount of hexadecane removal in the conditions without co-metabolism.Conclusion: The results showed that SSBR could be used as an exit-situation effective method for hexadecane removal in low concentrations through considering the effective factors in its function, such as dissolved oxygen, pH, and temperature. Also, adding the secondary carbon source could be effective in hexadecane removal from the soil. Yet, this effect might vary on different days.
samira mirzaei; Zahra Zamanian; Jafar Hasan Zade
Volume 3, Issue 3 , July 2015, , Pages 113-118
Abstract
Background: The present study aimed to investigate the effects of work shifts and mental workload on chronic fatigue among female nurses in Intensive Care Units of selected hospitals in Shiraz. Methods: The participants in this cross-sectional study were 118 female nurses working in Intensive Care Units ...
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Background: The present study aimed to investigate the effects of work shifts and mental workload on chronic fatigue among female nurses in Intensive Care Units of selected hospitals in Shiraz. Methods: The participants in this cross-sectional study were 118 female nurses working in Intensive Care Units of three hospitals in Shiraz with an average age of 304.8± years. SP (Samn-Perelli) Mental fatigue scale and NASA task load index were rated for two weeks at the beginning and end of each work shift. The Checklist Individual Strenght (CIS) questionnaire was completed to assess the fatigue during the last two weeks. Results: Mean score of chronic fatigue was 69.2±13. Menal fatigue and mental workload per shift were significantly correlated with work shifts (P=0.001). Mental workload (P=0.006, r=0.24) and mental fatigue caused by work shifts (P=0.001, r=0.42) were also significantly correlated with chronic fatigue. Conclusion: The results of the study showed that mental workload and work shifts influence the nurses’ fatigue in Intensive Care Units. Therefore, using intervention strategies to reduce mental work load and modification of shift work system in this group seems to be necessary.
Mohammad Ansarizadeh; Tayebeh Tahamtan; Mostafa Leili; Masoud Yousefi; Ehsan Gharehchahi; Mohsen Kalantari
Abstract
Background: Among chemical dyes, Azo dyes, as environmental synthetic pollutants, are most commonly used in a bunch of different colors in different industries, especially in textile industry to a large extent. Methods: Due to some limitation and difficulties to remove these pollutants from the environment, ...
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Background: Among chemical dyes, Azo dyes, as environmental synthetic pollutants, are most commonly used in a bunch of different colors in different industries, especially in textile industry to a large extent. Methods: Due to some limitation and difficulties to remove these pollutants from the environment, the biological filtering method, as the economically and optimal methods, are preferred. Using the Taguchi method and evaluation of such factors in the environment as temperature pH, color density and concentration of salt, we studied the optimal condition of Halomunas PTCC1132 bacteria decolorization in order to compare it with the Aryapress dye removal from aquatic environment. Therefore, 16 experiments were designed according to Array Table in 4 factors and 4 levels. The results were then analyzed using a computer the program named Qualitek-4. Results: The results showed that this salt, loving bacterium Halomonas strain PTCC1714, has the ability of bleaching in a wide range of salts till 20%, pH (5-9) and dye tolerance up to 5 gr/lit (500 ppm), and has the highest rate of decolorization in 100 ppm. Conclusions: According to the results with an optimal growth condition- the temperature of 40c, pH of 7.5, and the salt concentration of 10% up to 93% - the strain was capable of removing the Azo dye Aryapress color with the concentration of 100 ppm which is a considerable amount and can be used in biological treatment of industrial textile sewage.
Haleh Ghaem; Atousa Fakherpour; Mahmoud Hajipour; Mohsen Shafiee
Volume 4, Issue 3 , July 2016, , Pages 129-136
Abstract
Background: Today, the quality of life (QoL) studies have an important role in public health care, especially among the old adults suffering from chronic diseases such as diabetes. Diabetes and its complications can widely affect various aspects of QoL. Therefore, the present study aimed to assess diabetic ...
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Background: Today, the quality of life (QoL) studies have an important role in public health care, especially among the old adults suffering from chronic diseases such as diabetes. Diabetes and its complications can widely affect various aspects of QoL. Therefore, the present study aimed to assess diabetic patients’ QoL and identify the factors that affect it. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 593 randomly selected diabetic patients aged 60 years and above who were admitted in 13 diabetes clinics in Shiraz, Iran, in 2014. Diabetes Quality of Life-Brief Clinical Inventory (DQOL-BCI) questionnaire was used to assess the quality of life in these patients. Univariate and multivariate linear regression analyses were performed, using Stata software, version 12, to identify the predictors of DQoL. Results: The participants’ mean DQoL score was 41.8±6.2 with a mean age of 66.2±6.0 years. Multivariate linear regression analyses revealed that FBS level (115-180 mg/dL: P=0.05; above 180 mg/dL: P=0.02) and duration of diabetes (4-9 years: P=0.06; above 9 years: P=0.002) were two important clinical predictors of DQoL. Conclusion: This study demonstrated a relationship between clinical and socio-demographic factors and diabetic patients’ QoL. Considering these related variables could lead to effective control of diabetes complications and improvement of the patients’ QoL.
Ehsan Azizi; Alireza Arashpour; Leila Raisi Dezaki
Volume 5, Issue 3 , July 2017, , Pages 130-137
Abstract
During the last two centuries, human being has emitted huge amounts of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere, by providing energy from fossil fuels. The increasing accumulation of these gases in the atmosphere has led to "global warming" and as a result "climate change". This inauspicious phenomenon has ...
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During the last two centuries, human being has emitted huge amounts of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere, by providing energy from fossil fuels. The increasing accumulation of these gases in the atmosphere has led to "global warming" and as a result "climate change". This inauspicious phenomenon has such a wide domain that threat the survival of the human around the world. The sharp decline in fresh water sources and strategic agricultural products and severe destruction of environment are just some inevitable adverse effects of climate change. Therefore, it would be a proper ground for breaching some of the most important human rights. The aim of this research is to show effects of climate change on "right to health" and some other related rights, and therefore responsibilities of governments to fight against that. Conclusion: Climate change due to human activities, makes a proper field for breach of human rights globally, and as we see "right to health" is affected absolutely. According to principal of "common but differentiated responsibilities", most of the burdens of combating against climate change are on the shoulders of developed states and developing countries have much less obligations; but at least have common responsibilities. Rather, all of the states have clear international obligations for protecting human rights in their territories. Therefore any state must separately or together with others, take urgent and also long term measures to fight this phenomenon. If climate change continues; negligence of states in performing due diligence in this regard may lead to their international responsibility or even their incapability for governing the state in accordance with "good governance principles".
sedigheh Ebrahimi; Vahid Reza Zarei
Abstract
Introduction: Mistreatment with medical students is a global phenomenon, which has been proved in several studies. The aim of this study is to investigate the extent of mistreatment that the medical students experience in educational hospitals of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences. Methods: This cross-sectional ...
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Introduction: Mistreatment with medical students is a global phenomenon, which has been proved in several studies. The aim of this study is to investigate the extent of mistreatment that the medical students experience in educational hospitals of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences. Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out using descriptive-analytical method. All medical students were studied in educational hospitals of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences by census method. A questionnaire with 26 questions was used to collect data on demographic information, experience of mistreatment and observation of mistreatment towards the other students and open-ended questions. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 18 software. Results: The results of the study showed that 86.3% of the students experienced at least one kind of mistreatment during the previous year; among these misbehaved students 57.5% were female and 42.5% were male. The most cases of mistreatment were verbal mistreatment (95.1%) and abuse of authority (76.2%). The highest number of mistreatment has taken place in obstetrics and gynecology(OB-GYN) departments (60.3%) and in internal departments (49.2%), respectively; most of the individuals who misbehaved toward the students were residents (73%),nurses (66.7%), and interns (60.3). Conclusion: Regarding the high prevalence of mistreatment against medical students, there is a need for a plan for training communication skills and more support for students in this field.
Masume Bazrafshan; Hamidreza Vakilifard; Bizhan Abedini; Davood Khodadadi
Abstract
Background: Social responsibility is a new topic in accounting literature that has been considered by researchers in various aspects. The purpose of this study was to identify the factors affecting social responsibility in pharmaceutical companies. Methods: The present study was a qualitative ...
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Background: Social responsibility is a new topic in accounting literature that has been considered by researchers in various aspects. The purpose of this study was to identify the factors affecting social responsibility in pharmaceutical companies. Methods: The present study was a qualitative content analysis research carried out in the year 2019. We performed an interview with 38 experts in the pharmaceutical industry to identify the factors affecting social responsibility in the pharmaceutical industry. In this study, the continuous comparison method of Strauss and Corbin (1998) was used to analyze the data. Results: Based on the analysis, 25 categories and 7 main axes???? including environmental conditions; legal agents; and political, ethical, cultural, economic and social factors were identified as effective on social responsibility in pharmaceutical companies. Conclusion: Based on the findings of this study, it can be concluded that adherence to social responsibility by pharmaceutical companies is associated with optimal investment, producing a better quality product, more customer satisfaction, and cost reduction. Also, identifying the components of social responsibility in pharmaceutical companies can be effective in research on the afield of social responsibility.
Abooalfazl Azhdarpoor; Rabieh Hoseini; Mansoureh Dehghani
Volume 3, Issue 4 , October 2015, , Pages 153-159
Abstract
Background: High amount of heavy metals in sludge is one of the major obstacles to its use on farms. The present study aimed to investigate the possibility of leaching heavy metals from wastewater sludge by Fenton method and determine the optimum level of parameters, such as iron, hydrogen peroxide, ...
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Background: High amount of heavy metals in sludge is one of the major obstacles to its use on farms. The present study aimed to investigate the possibility of leaching heavy metals from wastewater sludge by Fenton method and determine the optimum level of parameters, such as iron, hydrogen peroxide, time, and pH for Fenton reaction. Methods: The effects of various parameters, such as pH (2-9), hydrogen peroxide concentration (0.5-6 g/l), Fe concentration (0.5-4 g/l), and leaching time (5-60 min), were studied. Results: The results showed that the optimal condition for leaching of heavy metals occurred at pH of 2 3, hydrogen peroxide concentration of 3 g/l, iron concentration of 2 g/l, and leaching time of 15 min. Under these optimal conditions, 92% of Zn, 100% of Cd, 100% of Pb, and 80% of Cu were leached from the wastewater sludge. Conclusions: Fenton method can leach heavy metals from wastewater sludge through decomposition of organic materials at H2O2/Fe ratio of 1.5:2.
Asghar MasihiNejad; Maryam Javadi; Ameneh Barikani; Mohammad Mazloomi; Payman Qajarbeigi
Volume 2, Issue 4 , October 2014, , Pages 158-163
Abstract
Background: The Prangos ferulacea (PF)–yogurt is a traditional food in Iran. This study investigated the effects of PF on the microbial, physicochemical and sensory properties of probiotic yoghurt.Methods: Pasteurized low fat milk was heated up to 85°C, cooled to 40°C, and then mixed with conventional ...
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Background: The Prangos ferulacea (PF)–yogurt is a traditional food in Iran. This study investigated the effects of PF on the microbial, physicochemical and sensory properties of probiotic yoghurt.Methods: Pasteurized low fat milk was heated up to 85°C, cooled to 40°C, and then mixed with conventional and Lactobacillus casei starter cultures incubated at 37°C until pH decreased to 4.6. Then, the cooked PF was added to yogurt and stored at 5°C for 21 days. Acidity, Syneresis, probiotic colony count and sensory evaluation of yoghurt was determined during the storage time. The experiments were replicated for three times. Probiotic yogurt (PY) was examined as the control and probiotic yoghurt containing 10, 20 and 30% Prangos ferulacea (PFY) as the samples.Results: Total titratable acidity of PFYs compared to PY was not significant during 21 days. The syneresis rate of PFY yogurt showed significant differences compared to PY during storage time (P<0.001). Comparison of the mean scores of sensory attributes (taste, odor, syneresis, mouth feel and color) of PFY yogurt showed that there were no significant differences with PY. Enumeration of lactobacillus casei (logCFU/mL) revealed significant differences in PFYs compared to PY in each experimental day (P=0.040). At the end of the storage time (day 21), the highest number of L.casei was observed in PY and PFY 20% and the lowest in PFY30%.Conclusion: Adding Prangos ferulacea (20%) to probiotic yogurt prevented an increase in acidity, a decrease in syneresis rate and an increase in the number of probiotic bacteria during 21 days. Results showed that the highest number of probiotic bacteria was seen in probiotic yogurt containing 20 percent Prangos ferulacea; probably, the existing fiber and some nutrients in Prangos ferulacea promoted the viability of probiotic bacteria.
Fatemeh Kianpour; Haleh Ghaem; Zahra Amiri
Volume 5, Issue 4 , October 2017, , Pages 169-175
Abstract
AbstractBackground: Proper weight gain is essential for the mother’s health and pregnancy. On the other hand, insufficient weight gain is directly related to a decrease in the growth and preterm birth. The present study aimed to determine the relationship between the mother’s Body Mass Index (BMI) ...
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AbstractBackground: Proper weight gain is essential for the mother’s health and pregnancy. On the other hand, insufficient weight gain is directly related to a decrease in the growth and preterm birth. The present study aimed to determine the relationship between the mother’s Body Mass Index (BMI) and pregnancy and delivery outcomes in mothers referred to Gerash health centers in 2014.Methods: This retrospective, cohort study was conducted on the data from 554 pregnant mothers referred to Gerash health centers to receive pregnancy healthcare from April to November 2014.Results: The mothers’ mean age was 25.9±5.4 years and their mean weight gain was 11.6±4.0 kg. In addition, 62.6% and 37.5% of the babies were born through natural delivery and cesarean section, respectively. About 9% of the children were pre-term, while 91% were term and post-term. Besides, 5.4% and 5.1% of the mothers got gestational diabetes and anemia, respectively. The results of logistic regression analysis showed positive relationships between the type of delivery and BMI (OR: 1.10(95% CI: 1.05-1.14)), history of cesarean section (OR: 0.02(95% CI: 0.01-0.07)), and mother’s age (OR: 1.06(95% CI: 1.03-1.10)) (p<0.05). Moreover, a positive relationship was found between the gestational weight gain and infant’s birth weight (g) (OR: 18.42(95% CI: 8.02 – 28.82)) (p<0.05).Conclusion: According to the finding, it seems that it would be necessary to plan educational and counseling programs before the pregnancy for the mothers. Therefore, the role of health authorities is more important than ever in promoting the general knowledge to reach the proper weight before and during pregnancy.
Shohreh Javadpour; Mehdi Kargar; Hajar Haghshenas; Mohammad Hossein Kaveh
Abstract
Introduction: The role of fathers in adolescents’ health is regarded as less important than mothers. This necessitates considering their role more than before. The present study was conducted to investigate the associations between high school students’ demographic profile and their general ...
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Introduction: The role of fathers in adolescents’ health is regarded as less important than mothers. This necessitates considering their role more than before. The present study was conducted to investigate the associations between high school students’ demographic profile and their general health with the fatherhood characteristics of their fathers. Methods: This descriptive-analytical and cross-sectional investigation was conducted among 604 girl and boy students in 2015 in Shiraz (Iran). The data collection tools included two self-administered questionnaires and a General Health Questionnaire (GHQ). Two self-administered questionnaires consisted of 5 demographic and 16 fatherhood characteristics questions. They were selected through a simple random sampling method, and the data were analyzed by Pearson correlation and descriptive statistics. The significance level was considered as 5%. Results: The findings showed that 495 students (46.90% girls and 53.10 boys) participated in the present study. They also demonstrated that 382 students were between 15-17 years old (79.20%) and 113 of them (20.80) aged about 18-19. There was significant associations between the mean scores of students general health and some of their fatherhood characteristics (P value=0.01). Some of their demographic information was also correlated to their general health significantly. The mean scores of fatherhood characteristics and students’ general health were, in turn, 38.56 (SD=14.6) and 44.99 (SD=9.69). Conclusion: This study demonstrated the role of fathers in their offspring’s health status. It makes it necessary to educate fathers and reinforce their capabilities to promote their children’s health.
Mohammad Esmaeili; Fahimeh Dehghani; Zahra Chabokinezhad
Volume 4, Issue 4 , October 2016, , Pages 189-193
Abstract
AbstractBackground: Studies have shown that some personalcharacteristics such as perfectionism are associated withcardiovascular diseases. Hence, this study was designed withthe aim of doing a comparative evaluation of perfectionism incoronary heart disease patients and healthy individuals referredto ...
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AbstractBackground: Studies have shown that some personalcharacteristics such as perfectionism are associated withcardiovascular diseases. Hence, this study was designed withthe aim of doing a comparative evaluation of perfectionism incoronary heart disease patients and healthy individuals referredto Shahid Faghihi Hospital in Shiraz.Methods: This is a case-control study carried out on 80cardiovascular patients and 80 healthy people who referred toShahid Faghihi Hospital. The sampling was done through theconvenience sampling method. The Frost MultidimensionalPerfectionism Scale (FMPS) was used to collect the information.Besides, t-test was applied to analyze the data in the SPSSsoftware, version 16.Results: The mean ages of the participants in this study were48±12.2 and 34±9.6 in patients and normal subjects, respectively.Negative perfectionism among the people with cardiovasculardisease was higher than the healthy individuals (69.5±12.8 and64±15.5, respectively, with P=0.03) and there was a significantdifference between these two groups. In terms of perfectionismsubscales, there was a significant difference between thetwo groups regarding personal standards (P<0.00), parentalexpectations (P=0.02), and uncertainty in acts (P=0.04).Conclusion: In general, our study results showed that there wasno significant difference between patients with cardiovasculardisease and normal subjects in terms of perfectionism, but asignificant difference was seen between some subscales ofperfectionism in the two groups.
Laya Ebrahimi; Saeid Hosseinzadeh; Maryam Pourmontaseri; Jafar Jalaei
Abstract
Background: With the advancement of nanotechnology, nanoparticles have been applied in our modern society. However, the hazardous effects of nanoparticles on organisms have not been thoroughly clarified yet. Considering the migration of nanoparticles in food and its subsequent consumption by humans, ...
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Background: With the advancement of nanotechnology, nanoparticles have been applied in our modern society. However, the hazardous effects of nanoparticles on organisms have not been thoroughly clarified yet. Considering the migration of nanoparticles in food and its subsequent consumption by humans, we have employed normal cell line, the African green monkey kidney cell line (Vero) for evaluation of the cytotoxic activity of the silver nanoparticles. Currently, there are various approaches to perform toxicity tests. In this study, we investigated the effects of citrate-based silver nanoparticles on Vero cells to explore the adverse effects of these nanoparticles. Methods: In an experimental work, to synthetize silver nanoparticles, silver nitrate and citric acid were used. Nanoparticles were further characterized by UV-Visible Spectroscopy, Dynamic Light scattering (DLS) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Cells were exposed to various concentrations of the nanoparticles (1.56 to 1000 µg/ml) for 24 h and 48h. The cytotoxic activity and apoptosis were determined using MTT assay and acridine orange/ethidium bromide (AO/EB) staining, respectively. Results: The present study showed a dose-dependent cytotoxicity of the silver nanoparticles with log IC50 values of ~ 10.68 and 2.06 µg/ml for 24 h and 48 h, respectively on Vero cell lines. Analysis by AO/EB staining indicated that the silver nanoparticles induced apoptosis in the cell lines. Conclusion: Silver nanoparticles revealed cytotoxic effects on the Vero cells which was associated with the method of synthesis of silver nanoparticles.
Mojtaba Naghshvarian; Mohammad Hossien Kaveh; Maryam hesampour; fariba Rezaee; Ali Reza Mirahmadizadeh
Volume 4, Issue 1 , January 2016, , Pages 32-39
Abstract
AbstractBackground: The reduction of suicidal attempts as one of the most important goals is improvement of societies’ health status. The present study aimed to assess the epidemiologic aspects of suicide cases in Fars province in 2010-2011.Methods: A total of 9714 suicide cases in Fars province, south ...
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AbstractBackground: The reduction of suicidal attempts as one of the most important goals is improvement of societies’ health status. The present study aimed to assess the epidemiologic aspects of suicide cases in Fars province in 2010-2011.Methods: A total of 9714 suicide cases in Fars province, south of Iran, in 2010-2011 were enrolled in this cross-sectional study through census. The study data were collected using suicide registry forms in the health centers affiliated to Fars province department of health services and analyzed using SPSS, version 17.Results: The rate of suicide attempts was 116.5 per 100,000 population in Fars province (93per 100,000 among men and 141.5 per 100,000 among women). The results showed significant differences between the suicide rates based on sex, age group, place of living, and season of the year (P<0.001). Most of these cases were female (59.4%), single (52.9%), 15-24 years old (56.4%), had high school education (25.8%), lived in urban areas (69.6%) and were female homemakers (30.3%). Based on the data, however, the largest number of suicide deaths resulted from self-immolation (56.7%).Conclusion: The present study findings revealed different rates of suicidal attempts based on sex and age group. Also, the importance of education and mental support, especially among women and singles, and also preventive measures in the context of uncontrolled immigration from the countryside to the large cities seems to essential more than ever. Yet, defects in some findings, particularly information about etiology, suggest that more researches should be conducted and suicide data registry and reporting systems should be improved.
Alireza Choobineh; Hadi Daneshmandi; Shahed Asadi; Shahram Ahmadi
Volume 1, Issue 1 , July 2013, , Pages 33-40
Abstract
Background/Objective: Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are one of the most common causes of occupational injuries. This study was conducted with the objectives of determination of prevalence rate of MSDs and ergonomics assessment of the risk of MSDs among workers of a petrochemical company. Methods: ...
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Background/Objective: Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are one of the most common causes of occupational injuries. This study was conducted with the objectives of determination of prevalence rate of MSDs and ergonomics assessment of the risk of MSDs among workers of a petrochemical company. Methods: In this study, 261randomly selected workers in a petrochemical company with at least one year of job tenure participated. Office and operational personnel were studied separately. In office jobs, data were collected using Nordic musculoskeletal disorders questionnaire (NMQ) and ergonomics checklist for assessment of work conditions. In operational jobs, NMQ and QEC (Quick Exposure Check) methods were applied to gather the required data. Data analysis was performed using SPSS software. Results: The most prevalent MSDs symptoms were reported in the lower back (36.2%), upper back (31%), neck (31%) and knees (30.3%). The results showed that the prevalence of MSDs indifferent body regions of the office staff was higher than those of operational workers. Also, in 40.9% of the observed cases, total ergonomics index was in action category 1 (inappropriate working conditions) and 59.9% of the subjects taken in action category 2 (appropriate working conditions). The results of assessment by QEC technique among operational workers showed that in 82.8% of the workers studied, the level of exposure to musculoskeletal risks was high or very high. Conclusions: The prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders in the office staff was higher than that of operational subjects. To improve the working conditions, taking risk factors of the lower back, upper back, neck and knees into consideration seems to be essential.
Hamed Delam; Mohammad-Rafi Bazrafshan
Abstract
Introduction: Elderly people face many challenges and these problems make them vulnerable to various types of mental disorders. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the level of anxiety and depression in the elderly people who referred to the health center of Larestan city in 2019. Methods: ...
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Introduction: Elderly people face many challenges and these problems make them vulnerable to various types of mental disorders. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the level of anxiety and depression in the elderly people who referred to the health center of Larestan city in 2019. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 109 elderly people were selected by convenience sampling from health center of Larestan city. Demographic information, Beck Depression Inventory and Spielberger Anxiety Questionnaire were completed by the samples. Finally, the collected data were analyzed using Spearman, Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests. In this study, a p-value of 0.05 was considered as statistically significant . Results: Out of 109 elderly people who participated in this study, 47 (43.1%) were male and 62 (56.9%) were female. The mean age of the men and women was 65.30±5.013 and 69.34±5.675 years, respectively. Most of the samples were married (79.80%) and illiterate (43.10%). The mean of depression, state and trait anxiety in men was 11.79±5.91, 33.02±11.56 and 34.19±13.50 respectively; also, the mean of depression, state and trait anxiety in women was 15.31±6.65, 40.68±12.44 and 40.82±12.29, respectively. The results of Mann-Whitney U test showed a statistically significant relationship between gender and the level of depression, state and trait anxiety (P value<0.05). There was no significant relationship between depression, anxiety and other demographic variables (P value>0.05). Conclusion: The findings of this study indicate the high prevalence of depression and anxiety among the elderly under the study, especially among the elderly women; therefore, interventions are needed to reduce the stressors of the elderly people's lives.
Leila rezaei; Vali Alipour; Sakine shokooheyan; Amin Ghanbarnejad
Volume 2, Issue 1 , January 2014, , Pages 36-41
Abstract
Background: Pre-chlorination of raw water containing natural organic matters may lead to forming harmful disinfection by-products such as trihalomethanes (THMs), the measurement of which needs expensive advanced analytical instruments. This study was conducted to anticipate THMs formation potential in ...
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Background: Pre-chlorination of raw water containing natural organic matters may lead to forming harmful disinfection by-products such as trihalomethanes (THMs), the measurement of which needs expensive advanced analytical instruments. This study was conducted to anticipate THMs formation potential in Bandar Abbas drinking water system using cheap and simple experiments and a mathematical model. Methods: In a 24 week sampling program, 96 samples were collected weekly from raw water (RW), clarification (CE), filtration (FE), and disinfection effluent (DE). After measuring the Dissolved Organic Carbon (DOC), residual chlorine, contact time, temperature and pH of water, THMs concentration was calculated using a mathematical model. Results: The means of DOC concentration in RW, CE, FE and DE were 5.56, 4.21, 3.50, and 3.01 (mg/l), respectively. The mean of temperature values varied from 22.28 in RW to 21.25 in DE and the mean of pH variations was measured from 6.75 in DE to 8.37 in CE. Also, the mean of residual chlorine concentration was 0.0 to 1.72 in RW and DE, respectively. Conclusion: The means of calculated THMs were 37.92±4.82μg/l, 51.15±9.44μg/l, and 52.71±8.37μg/l for CE, FE, and DE respectively; this did not meet the related EPA standard (30- 40μg/l); therefore, further detailed studies should be conducted to resolve the consumers’ concerns in this regard.
Mohammad Hossein Kaveh; Fatemeh Shirdel; Abdolrahim Asadollahi
Volume 6, Issue 1 , January 2018, , Pages 36-39
Abstract
Evidence suggests that the quality of family relationships is associated with family members’ general health. Given of the scanty studies on adolescents, especially in Iran, this study aimed to determine the association between parent-adolescent conflict and adolescents’ general health. ...
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Evidence suggests that the quality of family relationships is associated with family members’ general health. Given of the scanty studies on adolescents, especially in Iran, this study aimed to determine the association between parent-adolescent conflict and adolescents’ general health. Methods: Out of 40 high schools in Behbahan, 10 were randomly selected, and then 391 students were selected through random sampling method. The Parent-Adolescent Conflict Questionnaire and General Health Questionnaire were used for data collection. Pearson correlation coefficient, t-test, and ANOVA were used for data analysis in SPSS. Results: The findings of this study showed a significant and positive correlation between parent-adolescent conflict and general health (p=0.001, r=0.142). There was also a significant difference between the parent-adolescent conflict and mother's educational level (p=0.001), between general health and mother's educational level (p=0. 01), and between parent-adolescent conflict and father's educational level (p=0.003). There was no statistically significant difference between gender and parent-adolescent conflict and general health. Conclusion: According to the results, with an increase in parent-adolescent conflict, the general health scores would also increase, indicating lower general health. Further studies are recommended to identify familial conflict and general health (mental) risk factors. A family-oriented training program is recommended to improve the parent-adolescent communication skills
Ali Sabz Tajari; Iravan Masoudi Asl; Somaye Hessam
Abstract
Background: Millions of people around the world suffer from occupational accidents each year, many of whom become disabled or die. The purpose of this research was to study work-related accidents and its effects on the costs incurred by Social Security Organization (SSO) of Iran during the years 2012-2016. ...
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Background: Millions of people around the world suffer from occupational accidents each year, many of whom become disabled or die. The purpose of this research was to study work-related accidents and its effects on the costs incurred by Social Security Organization (SSO) of Iran during the years 2012-2016. Methods: This comparative-descriptive study examined the insurance and medical costs of approximately 96,000 occupational accidents registered in the SSO systems over the period of 2012-16. Data were collected through statistical forms and Medical Commissions Comprehensive System, as well as the data recorded in the SSO systems. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Excel software, and SPSS 22. Pearson correlation test was used to investigate the relationship between work-related accidents and the research variables (short-term and long-term medical costs and lost working years). Results: Findings indicated that an average of 115 people (0.59%) die each year from work-related accidents. Occupational accidents also lead to total disability of 176 people (0.91%) and partial disability of 292 people (1.5%) per year. About 5% of the victims (998 people) receive lump sum payments as compensation for permanent impairment and 92% (17665 people) fully recover from job injuries. Work-related accidents impose an average financial burden of about IIR 147 billion annually on SSO as short-term costs, about IIR 247 billion as inpatient and outpatient treatment costs, and about IIR 497 billion as long-term costs. Overall,
Mehdi Jahangiri; Korosh Azizi; Parvaneh yekzamani; Seyedeh Fatemeh Ahmadi; Bahare Mahmoudabadi; Fariborz Behbood; Mahdieh Delikhoon
Volume 5, Issue 1 , January 2017, , Pages 38-42
Abstract
Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the extent of implementation of safety measures in 14 student housings in one of the largest universities in Fars province, Shiraz, Iran.Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted in 14 student housings of one of the largest universities, located in Shiraz, ...
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Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the extent of implementation of safety measures in 14 student housings in one of the largest universities in Fars province, Shiraz, Iran.Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted in 14 student housings of one of the largest universities, located in Shiraz, Iran. Audit checklists were completed and rated thought field inspection and interview. Safety Requirement Index (SRI) was then used to evaluate the safety of student housings. SRI was graded on five scales (0-19%: very poor (unsafe); 20-39%: poor (relatively unsafe); 40-59%: moderate; 60-79%: good (relatively safe): and 80-100%: excellent (safe). Results: The mean SRI score was 71.01±15.46%. The highest and lowest level of SRI was 94.11±6.60% for dimensions of public health (and 47.70±18.42% for elevator safety.Conclusion: None of the studied housings was completely safe in all dimensions. Most of the studied housings were categorized as safe in the dimensions of public health and ventilation and air-conditioning systems; relatively safe in the dimensions of electrical, building, fire and kitchen safety; and moderate in the elevator safety and emergency response. Establishment of safety management system is necessary to promote safety in the studied housings. The results of this study indicated the need to inform the authorities about the safety priorities in housings, to promote the safety conditions. The results could also be used to raise awareness regarding their role and responsibilities about the safety of housings.
Zahra Zamanian; Reza Rostami; Kiana Nikeghbal
Volume 3, Issue 1 , January 2015, , Pages 45-49
Abstract
Background: Noise is one of the most important hazardous physical factors in industrial environments. This study aimed to determine the effects of noise exposure on serum cortisol level and some blood parameters among male workers of a steel production company.Methods: This cross-sectional study was ...
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Background: Noise is one of the most important hazardous physical factors in industrial environments. This study aimed to determine the effects of noise exposure on serum cortisol level and some blood parameters among male workers of a steel production company.Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 50 male workers in a steel production company. In order to assess the changes in blood parameters, such as serum cortisol level, lipid profile, and blood sugar, blood samples were taken from the participants before and after the work shift. Besides, CEL 440 sound level meter was used to measure the equivalent sound pressure level (LAeq) and analyze the noise in octave band frequencies. Analyses of data were performed by SPSS software (version 16) using the Paired sample t-test.Results: The laboratory findings indicated an increase in serum cortisol at all exposure levels. However, the changes were not statistically significant. An increase was observed in blood sugar levels at all the three noise levels and the increment was statistically significant at 95 dB noise level.Conclusion: The present study showed that exposure to high sound levels leads to changes in biological parameters, although under the scenario explained in this study these changes did not reach statistical significant.
Ahmad Kalateh Sadati; Kamran Bagheri Lankarani; Halimeh Enayat; Akbar Rasekhi Kazerooni; Sara Ebrahimzadeh
Volume 2, Issue 2 , April 2014, , Pages 78-87
Abstract
Background: Many of health system services are done in clinical counseling. A patient’s expectation of clinical consultation and physician office visits is to obtain diagnostic-remedial results, while such an expectation can be fulfilled only through an active relationship between the doctor and the ...
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Background: Many of health system services are done in clinical counseling. A patient’s expectation of clinical consultation and physician office visits is to obtain diagnostic-remedial results, while such an expectation can be fulfilled only through an active relationship between the doctor and the patient. The aim of this study is to evaluate the quality of doctor- patient interaction in an educational clinic in southern Iran. Methods: This is a conversation analysis based on critical approach. So, 33 clinical consultations were analyzed critically. Results: Results showed that paternalistic model is the overall pattern in consultations. This leads to limitation of the patients’ opportunity to participate in their diagnosis and treatment. Powers’ asymmetrical relations lead to conditions in which physicians determine the clinical counseling process. Also, physicians determine the subject of consultation in the counseling period. In this situation, the patients’ concerns were ignored. This ignorance leads to the patients’ suppression in problematic situations. The main point is that the clinical counseling occurs in one general contract that is unwritten but has been known for the two sides of interaction. Conclusion: Clinical counseling can be an active consultation when it included the symmetrical distribution of power and the patient has an active participation in the consultation. Therefore, the new patient-centered approaches can be an appropriate model for access to a type of consultation based on symmetrical power distribution between physician and patient.
abooalfazl azhdarpoor; Aezam Mohammadi Mohammadi; Abbas Shahsavani
Volume 5, Issue 2 , April 2017, , Pages 79-85
Abstract
Background:Air pollutants have harmful impacts on human health and aggravation of diseases and mortality. This study was conducted to investigate the impact of PM10, NO2, SO2, and O3 on cardiovascular and respiratory mortality and hospital admissions in Shiraz during 2012-2013.Methods: The health impact ...
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Background:Air pollutants have harmful impacts on human health and aggravation of diseases and mortality. This study was conducted to investigate the impact of PM10, NO2, SO2, and O3 on cardiovascular and respiratory mortality and hospital admissions in Shiraz during 2012-2013.Methods: The health impact of pollutants was quantified using AirQ2.2.3 model provided by WHO Regional Office-European Center for Environment and Health. In addition, Generalized Additive Model (GAM) in R was used to investigate the relationship between pollutants and disease and mortality.Results:According to the results of quantification with WHO’s default values for Baseline Incidence (BI) and Relative Risk (RR) as well as the number of hospital admissions related to PM10 (1,375 cases in 2012 and 874 ones in 2013), it has been observed that respiratory diseases have had the highest health impacts. On the other hand, an assessment using regional values for BI and RR indicated that the highest health impacts were related to respiratory diseases due to exposure to O3 with 134 and 252 cases in 2012 and 2013, respectively. Moreover, significant relationships were observed among PM10, NO2, and O3 and respiratory mortality, hospital admissions due to cardiovascular diseases, and hospital admissions due to respiratory diseases in patients aging 65 years and older.Conclusion:Overall, the results showed that due to different geographical, statistical, and climatic features of each region, WHO’s default values for BI and RR cannot be used normally in some cases. Thus, calculated BI and RR values should be used for such cases. However, further research is needed to assess the health impacts of air pollutants in terms of BI and RR specific to the study region.
